week 1, speciation and the firsts Flashcards
what is the process by which one species splits into one or more species?
speciation
which concept is a group of populations that can be interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring?
biological species concept
this concept characterizes species by body shape or other structural features
morphological species concept
this concept characterizes species by how it interacts with the environment
ecological species concept
which concept characterizes species as the smallest group that shared a common ancestor?
phylogenetic species concept
“phylo” meaning “race” “tribe” “kind”
barriers that prevent gene flow between two species
reproductive isolation
different types of prezygotic barriers
habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
types of post zygotic barriers
hybrid (offspring from interspecies mating), hybrid inviability (hybrid zygote fails to develop), hybrid infertility (hybrid is born but sterile), hybrid breakdown (first gen is viable but the next aren’t)
separation that occurs when a population is geographically divided
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation is…
when genetic factors enable a sub population to exploit a habitat not used by the parent population (habitat differentiation) OR mate choice as reproductive barrier keeping the gene pool separate (sexual selection)
phylogeny is…
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
what is the discipline of classifying organisms AND determining evolutionary relationships?
systematics
what is the discipline of classifying organisms AND naming organisms?
taxonomy
what is the two-part scientific latin name created in the 18th century by Carolus Linnaeus?
binomial nomenclature
hierarchical classification consists of how many classes?
8
“dear king philip came over for good sex”
“single tribe” ancestral species and all the descendants
monopyletic
“mono” meaning “one or single”
“beside the tribe” ancestral species and some but all descendants
paraphyletic
“para” meaning “onside”
“many tribes” grouping with many different ancestors
polyphyletic
“poly” meaning “more than one”
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared common ancestor
homology (line connecting 2 on maximum parsimony chart)
convergent evolution producing similar adaptations that evolved independently
analogy (single lines for one on maximum parsimony chart)
ancestral trait shared between taxa
plesiomorphy
derived homologous that unique to later taxon or clade
apomorphy
analogous trait that evolved separately
homoplasy
what are the 3 domains?
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
what are the 5 kingdoms?
monera (prokaryotes), protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
earth and moon are formed in which eon?
hadeon
this eon had the first prokaryotes and first cyanobacteria
archean (ended with mass extinction)
this eon had the first eukaryotes which also started the ediacarcan period… (diversification of algae and soft bodies invertebrate animals)
proterozoic
this came after the proterozioc eon and was an important time for animal phyla
phanerozoic
this era introduced the first dinosaurs
mesozoic
what period did the first dinosaurs appear?
triassic period
what period did dinosaurs become dominant?
jurassic
what is the most recent era?
cenozoic
what period did the first primates appear?
paleogene
which period did the first hominidae and bipedal human ancestor appear?
neogene
what period was the ice age?
quaternary
current epoch (modern history)
haloscene
unofficial human impaction era
anthropone
what is the domain for humans?
eukaryo
what kingdom do humans belong to?
animalia
what phylum do humans belong to?
chordata (we have a spine)
what class are we?
mammalia
what order are humans?
primata
what family are we?
hominidae
what is our genus?
homo
what is our species?
sapiens
