Week 2 - Urinalysis Flashcards by Mia Moshovetis

Name the five macroscopic structures in the urinary system

Renal artery
Kidney (2)
Ureters (2)
Bladder
Urethra

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Name the 10 microscopic structures in the urinary system.

Nephron
Glomerulus
Tubules
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
renal tubule
bowman’s capsule

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What is the main filtering structure a urinary system (microscopic)

Glomerulus

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Name five or more substances that are reabsorbed back into the blood from the tubule system.

H2O
Na+
glucose
amino acids
proteins

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In the male horse, what is a “bean” and where is it located?

small painful calcification in folds of the prepuce

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How is a bean related to urine scald?

urine gets concentrated and splashes on the male’s stomach and thighs and can create chemical reaction and burn them

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Name four ways to collect a urine sample mentioned in small animals.

free catch (natural voiding)
manual compression
catheterization
cystocentesis

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Which two ways can yield a sterile sample?

cystocentesis
catheterization

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What is “No-Sorb” and how is it used?

non absorbent litter. It drains off urine so you can get a sample from cats.

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Clumping litters do not get a urine sample, but can still be diagnostic. How?

can color change and determine pH balance.

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What does too much calcium associate with?

Chronic renal failure

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How do bilirubin and urobilinogen get from where they started into the urine?

Bacteria breaks it down, and gets into the gi tracts and goes into the bloodstream, to the kidneys, then made into urine.

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What is the main source of bilirubin in urine?

Malfunctioning liver

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What are the three electrolytes?

sodium
potassium
chloride

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In urinalysis, what is Brownian Motion and what utilizes it?

Bacteria

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What is the asymptomatic bacteriuria?

Without symptoms with lots of bacteria in the urine.

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What does high number of leukocytes indicate?

UTI

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What do you scan for on 10x?

Casts

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What do you scan for on Hi Power (40x)

RBC’s and WBC’s

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What do RBC’s indicate?

Bleeding somewhere in the tract

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What do hyaline casts indicate.

dehydration, kidney damage, low ux flow

In which species is oliguria and/or anuria the greatest concern?

cats

What are the four physical tests of urine?

color, clarity, specific gravity, pH

Give two reasons why urine may appear cloudy.

Refrigeration, high amounts of microscopic material

What two devices measure specific gravity?

Refractometer, dip stick

How does the urine pH normally differ between carnivores and herbivores?

carnivores pH should be acidic (lower) - eat more protein herbivores pH should be alkaline (higher)

What is the source of most of the ketones in urine?

Abnormal metabolism

What is hematuria?

Trauma to the urinary, will cause bleeding in the urinary tract.

What is hemoglobinuria?

Hemoglobin in urine. On dipstick, blood square will turn green splotchy

Ketosis

Ketone build up in body

What is the main source of bilirubin in urine?

malfunctioning liver

What role(s) did we say calcium has in the body?

Associated with chronic renal dz

How do bilirubin and urobilinogen get from where they started into the urine?

bacteria breaks it down and gets into the gi tracts and goes into the bloodstream, to the kidneys, then made into urine.

What are the three electrolytes?

sodium potassium chloride

In urinalysis, what is Brownian Motion?

bacteria

What is the asymptomatic bacteriuria?

without symptoms with lots of bacteria in the urine.

What are the “3 C’s” of urine sediment evaluation?

cells, crystals, casts

Name three crystals found in alkaline urine

Amorphous phosphate calcium carbonate triple phosphate

name three crystals found in acidic urine

calcium oxalate amorphous urate leucine tyrosine

What two types of crystals did we say are most commonly seen or clinically significant?

calcium oxalate calcium phosphate

What are the three things mentioned as being needed to form a urolith? “ (cake baking analogy)

Mg, NH4, Ca++ (ingredients) correct pH time

In nutrition, what is “ash”?

mineral content of the food

What do the terms radiopaque and radiolucent mean?

can be seen in a radiograph transparent in radiographs

what is pica

an eating disorder where they compulsively eat things that aren't food and don't have any nutritional value or purpose.

Which chemistry is on a urine dipstick but not considered valid due to other means of measuring it?

Specific gravity

Abnormal urine color can distort the chemistry squares on a urine dipstick. What should be done with these type of samples?

Centrifuge the sample down and use the supernatant on the dipstick

What should be evaluated on sedimentation prior to reporting a positive result from a dipstick?

Leukocytes

What is normal USG for feline ux sample?

1.035

What is normal USG for canine ux sample?

1.025

what is the glomerulus?

- filtering system - made up of two parts - area between these are bowman's space

what are tubules?

passageway for urine after filtering