Week 2 - Urinalysis Flashcards
Name the five macroscopic structures in the urinary system
Renal artery
Kidney (2)
Ureters (2)
Bladder
Urethra
Name the 10 microscopic structures in the urinary system.
Nephron
Glomerulus
Tubules
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
renal tubule
bowman’s capsule
What is the main filtering structure a urinary system (microscopic)
Glomerulus
Name five or more substances that are reabsorbed back into the blood from the tubule system.
H2O
Na+
glucose
amino acids
proteins
In the male horse, what is a “bean” and where is it located?
small painful calcification in folds of the prepuce
How is a bean related to urine scald?
urine gets concentrated and splashes on the male’s stomach and thighs and can create chemical reaction and burn them
Name four ways to collect a urine sample mentioned in small animals.
free catch (natural voiding)
manual compression
catheterization
cystocentesis
Which two ways can yield a sterile sample?
cystocentesis
catheterization
What is “No-Sorb” and how is it used?
non absorbent litter. It drains off urine so you can get a sample from cats.
Clumping litters do not get a urine sample, but can still be diagnostic. How?
can color change and determine pH balance.
What does too much calcium associate with?
Chronic renal failure
How do bilirubin and urobilinogen get from where they started into the urine?
Bacteria breaks it down, and gets into the gi tracts and goes into the bloodstream, to the kidneys, then made into urine.
What is the main source of bilirubin in urine?
Malfunctioning liver
What are the three electrolytes?
sodium
potassium
chloride
In urinalysis, what is Brownian Motion and what utilizes it?
Bacteria
What is the asymptomatic bacteriuria?
Without symptoms with lots of bacteria in the urine.
What does high number of leukocytes indicate?
UTI
What do you scan for on 10x?
Casts
What do you scan for on Hi Power (40x)
RBC’s and WBC’s
What do RBC’s indicate?
Bleeding somewhere in the tract
What do hyaline casts indicate.
dehydration, kidney damage, low ux flow
In which species is oliguria and/or anuria the greatest concern?
cats
What are the four physical tests of urine?
color, clarity, specific gravity, pH
Give two reasons why urine may appear cloudy.
Refrigeration, high amounts of microscopic material
What two devices measure specific gravity?
Refractometer, dip stick
How does the urine pH normally differ between carnivores and herbivores?
carnivores pH should be acidic (lower) - eat more protein
herbivores pH should be alkaline (higher)
What is the source of most of the ketones in urine?
Abnormal metabolism
What is hematuria?
Trauma to the urinary, will cause bleeding in the urinary tract.
What is hemoglobinuria?
Hemoglobin in urine. On dipstick, blood square will turn green splotchy
Ketosis
Ketone build up in body
What is the main source of bilirubin in urine?
malfunctioning liver
What role(s) did we say calcium has in the body?
Associated with chronic renal dz
How do bilirubin and urobilinogen get from where they started into the urine?
bacteria breaks it down and gets into the gi tracts and goes into the bloodstream, to the kidneys, then made into urine.
What are the three electrolytes?
sodium
potassium
chloride
In urinalysis, what is Brownian Motion?
bacteria
What is the asymptomatic bacteriuria?
without symptoms with lots of bacteria in the urine.
What are the “3 C’s” of urine sediment evaluation?
cells, crystals, casts
Name three crystals found in alkaline urine
Amorphous phosphate
calcium carbonate
triple phosphate
name three crystals found in acidic urine
calcium oxalate
amorphous urate
leucine
tyrosine
What two types of crystals did we say are most commonly seen or clinically significant?
calcium oxalate
calcium phosphate
What are the three things mentioned as being needed to form a urolith? “ (cake baking analogy)
Mg, NH4, Ca++ (ingredients)
correct pH
time
In nutrition, what is “ash”?
mineral content of the food
What do the terms radiopaque and radiolucent mean?
can be seen in a radiograph
transparent in radiographs
what is pica
an eating disorder where they compulsively eat things that aren’t food and don’t have any nutritional value or purpose.
Which chemistry is on a urine dipstick but not considered valid due to other means of measuring it?
Specific gravity
Abnormal urine color can distort the chemistry squares on a urine dipstick. What should be done with these type of samples?
Centrifuge the sample down and use the supernatant on the dipstick
What should be evaluated on sedimentation prior to reporting a positive result from a dipstick?
Leukocytes
What is normal USG for feline ux sample?
1.035
What is normal USG for canine ux sample?
1.025
what is the glomerulus?
- filtering system
- made up of two parts
- area between these are bowman’s space
what are tubules?
passageway for urine after filtering
