WBC's Flashcards by Mia Moshovetis

Name three granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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Name the two agranulocytes

monocytes, leukocytes

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Describe the normal neutrophil in appearance

stained deep reddish purple, cytoplasm stains pink with faint granules, 3-4 segment lobes

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How long does a neutrophil live for?

5 days or circulate for 10 hrs

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What is the ‘marginal pool’?

WBC’s adhere to vessel walls and last a little longer

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Define ‘apoptosis’

when wbc migrate to tissue and die off. destroyed in liver, spleen and bone marrow

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Where are the majority of stored neutrophils kept?

bone marrow

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What is the primary function of neutrophils?

defense in inflammatory response - will kill bacteria and take on fungi, algae, and viruses

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What do the granules in a neutrophil contain?

breaking things up, destroying

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Define neutropenia

a decrease in the absolute numbers of neutrophils

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Name 2 to 3 causes of neutropenia

increased demand, decrease bone marrow production, increase marginalization

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Define ‘(severe) left shift’

increased numbers of immature neutrophils

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What is a leukemoid reaction?

severe number of neutrophils combined with increase number of immature neutrophils

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Define toxic neutrophils

neutrophil with visible granules

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Define dysgranulopoiesis

poor creation of the granulocytes

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What is IMHA?

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia

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What would cause a decrease in bone marrow production of neutrophils?

reaction to drugs, toxic chemicals or plants, infectious agents, etc.

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What is the relationship between neutrophilia and leukocytosis?

Neutrophilia is considered the most common type of leukocytosis

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Can you see a left shift in both neutrophilia and neutropenia?

yes

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Name three or more chronic lesions associated with neutrophilia

stress, physical reaction, inflammation

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Where do the basophils live the majority of their time?

formed in bone marrow

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What process are the basophils involved in?

inflammation

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What are in the basophil granules and what does each do?

Heparin - Keeps clots from forming
Histamine - Keep capillaries dilated
Serotonin - vasoconstrictor

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What is basopenia?

Decrease in circulating number of basophils - VERY rare

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What is basophilia?

increase in the number of basophils

Which is seen more often, basophilia or basopenia?

Basophilia

Name two or more causes of basophilia

allergies or hypersensitivity, parasites, hyperlipidemia

Describe the appearance of basophils

cytoplasm is light blue and will have noticeable granules

How do the granules differ between dogs and cats?

* Dogs - Easily distinguished, cytoplasm is light blue, few discrete dark granules * Cats - Numerous round lavender granules, not distinct. Cytoplasm appears grey.

Describe the appearance of Eosinophils

large granulocytes, nucleus usually two large lobes, cytoplasm pale, chromatin coarse and clumped

What is the main function or functions of eosinophils?

* parasitic response * allergic response - deactivate heparin and histamine

Define eosinopenia

Decreased numbers of eosinophils

Define eosinophilia

Increased numbers of eosinophils

Name three or more causes of eosinophilia

Allergies, parasites, neoplasia, foreign body, fungi

How do the granules of eosinophils differ between dogs, cats, and horses?

* Dog: varying numbers of round orange to red granules * Cats: numerous rod shaped orange to red granules

Describe the normal appearance of the monocyte

nucleus stains pale blue-violet, a lot of cytoplasm that stains light blue, the shape of the nucleus can vary - round, bean shape, dented or folded, pale granules in cytoplasm

Describe the relationship between monocytes and macrophages

circulating monocytes form macrophages

How does the release of monocytes into circulation differ from other white blood cells?

they are not mature cells

What is the normal function of monocytes?

* second major branch of circulating phagocyte system * regulate the inflammatory process * antigen process

What is monocytopenia?

decrease in monocytes numbers

What is monocytosis?

increased amount in monocyte numbers

Which of these two is more common, monocytopenia or monocytosis?

monocytosis

How do B&T lymphocytes differ?

* B- form in bone marrow * T- form in thymus

Which is more common, B or T lymphocytes?

Describe the normal appearance of a lymphocyte

mostly nucleus filled cell, cytoplasm is blue, don’t usually see granules

Which normally has a greater number of lymphocytes, dogs or cats?

cats

What is the main function of lymphocytes?

immune response

Name two or more unique characteristics of lymphocytes

* large, dark nucleus * live for decades * only white bc that can recirculate

Define lymphopenia

decrease in circulating lymphocytes

Define lymphocytosis

increase in circulating lymphocytes

Name two or more causes of lymphocytosis

excitement, antigen stimulation, lymphocyte anemia

What are activated lymphocytes?

represents an appropriate response to an antigen stimulation, also called reactive lymphocytes

How does an activated lymphocyte differ in appearance from a normal lymphocyte?

large nuclei, large cytoplasm azurophilic granules

Define band cell

An immature white blood cell that is released into the blood during an infection

Do only neutrophils have band cells?

Define 'regenerative shift'

High #'s band cells with an inc. total wbc count

Is a regenerative shift a normal process?

Yes

Define 'degenerative shift'

high number of band cells with a normal or low total WBC count

Is a degenerative shift a normal process?

Define metamyelocyte

even more immature form of neutrophil, severe disease condition, not normally seen

Do only neutrophils have metamyelocytes?

Define pathologic cell

abnormal in appearance +/or function

Define reactive cell

normal response

Define hypersegmentation

neutrophils have more nuclear lobes than normal

Define Pelger-Huet anomaly

abnormal looking neutrophils - less than 3 lobes, severe infections and burns

Where is the Pelger-Huet anomaly seen?

bone marrow

Define Barr bodies

projections from lobe of female cat neutrophil nucleus

Define karyorrhexis

process that breaks down the nucleus of a cell, resulting in the release of nuclear material into the cytoplasm

Define karyolysis

the process by which a cell nucleus dissolves

Define Döhle bodies

small blue-gray patches of cytoplasm, near edge of cell

Define toxic granulation

the granules in neutrophils appear larger, darker, and more numerous than usual

What is thrombopoietin?

a hormone that regulates thrombocytes production

Where are platelets generally distributed?

directly into the bloodstream, stored in spleen

What is the main function of platelets?

seal minor breaks in blood vessels, or work with fibrin to form

What is the average lifespan of a platelet?

3-7 days in dogs and cats

Describe the general appearance of a platelet

oval slightly elongated discs, pale blue cytoplasm, younger platelets are larger size

How does the appearance of platelets differ between dogs and cats?

cats have larger platelets than dogs

What are pseudopodia?

activated platelets - spider like appearance

When are pseudopodia seen?

amoebas or single celled organisms ACTIVATED PLATELETS

What is IMTP?

immune mediated thrombocytopenia

What species normally have macroplatelets?

cats

What is the normal number of platelets?

* cat: 300,000 - 800,000 * dogs: 200,000 - 600,000

Define thrombocytopenia

decreased number of platelets in circulation

What is petechia?

pinpoint bleeding

What is purpura?

larger type of hemorrhage

What is ecchymosis?

bruising

Name two or more categories of thrombocytopenia

IMTC, increased platelet removal

Give two or more causes of increased platelet removal

immune mediated thrombocytes, 2 non immune mediated thrombocytes

Define secondary immune mediated thrombocytopenia

most common canine hemostatic disorder

Name five or more conditions associated with secondary immune mediated thrombocytopenia

lupus, IMHA, rheumatoid arthritis

Define allo-IMTP

maternal antibodies cross placental barrier and attack

Define secondary non-immune mediated thrombocytopenia

Name two or more causes of non-immune mediated thrombocytopenia

What is the most common canine hemostatic disorder?

What is hypersplenism?

What is thrombocytosis?

What are the three types (categories) of thrombocytosis?

Which of these is least common?

What is secondary (or reactive) thrombocytosis?

Name three more situations associated with secondary (or reactive) thrombocytosis

In platelet disorders, what is the difference between acquired and congenital defects?

What is vWI?

Von Willebrand factor, the most common canine

How do the three types of vWI differ?

* Type 1 - seen in dogs and cats, mild bleeding * Type 2 - german shepherds and wire hair terriers, moderate bleeding * Type 3 - scotties, shetland sheep dogs, chesapeake bay terriers, moderate bleeding tendency with 0 vWI