Week 2 - Theories And Pioneering Ideas In The Management

Question 1

These are implemented to help increase organizational
productivity and service quality. Not many managers use a singular theory or
concept when implementing strategies in the workplace: They commonly use
a combination of a number of theories, depending on the workplace, purpose
and workforce.

Answer 1

Management theories

Question 2

His strength was that he saw his employees as every bit as important to the success of his enterprise as the machines he owned.
By examining working methods and conditions, and seeking to
improve these, he is justifiably claimed as a father of personnel
management.

Answer 2

Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Question 3

is an English Mathematician, he is known as father of computer. Build the
first practical mathematical calculator and a prototype of modern computer, predicted the specialization of metal work, suggested profit
sharing.

Answer 3

Charles Babbage (1792-1871)

Question 4

His most successful book, On the Economy of Machinery and
Manufacturers, described the tools and machinery used in English
factories. It discussed the economic principles of manufacturing, and
analyzed the operations; the skills used and suggested improved practices

Answer 4

Charles Babbage (1792-1871)

Question 5

An american Mechanical Engineer and Business. His contribution
known as ealy systemize of management or an OUtline the importance
of management as a science and called for the development
management

Answer 5

Henry R. Twne (1844-1924)

Question 6

He also published several papers and a book, Evolution of
Industrial Management, on the use of “gain sharing” to increase
worker productivity

Answer 6

Henry R. Towne (1844-1924)

Question 7

In his last book he contrasted the status of
scientific management in 1886 and in 1921, noting the establishment
of industrial management courses, and crediting Frederick Taylor as
the apostle of the scientific movement

Answer 7

Henry R. Towne (1844-1924)

Question 8

Chinese Military General, a strategist and philosopher. He is author of
The Art of War, a widely influential work of military strategy that has
impacted both Western and Easter philosophy.

Answer 8

SunTze 500 BC

Question 9

Known as the Father of the Scientific Management. His primary
concern was to raise productivity and increase for workers, by
applying the scientific methods. His principles emphasize using
science, creating group harmony and cooperation, achieving
maximum output.

Answer 9

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)

Question 10

An American Engineer and Management Consultant. He is known for
for scientific selection of workers and “harmonious cooperation”
between labor and management. Developed the Gantt chart

Answer 10

Henry Laurence Gantt (1861-1919)

Question 11

A German sociologist, preofessor, consultant and author. He
contribute the Theory of Buraeucracy.

Answer 11

Max Weber (1864-1920)

Question 12

Weber’s ideas of Bureaucracy:

Answer 12

 Specialization of labor
 Formal rules and procedures
 Impersonality
 Well-defined hierarchy
 Career advancement based on merit

Question 13

A French Industrialist, and also an Engineer. He is knows as the Father
of Modern Management Theory. Recognized a widespread need for principles and management and teaching. Formulates 14 principles of
management, such as authority and responsibility, unity of command,
scalar chain, and esprit de corps and so on.

Answer 13

Henry Fayol (1841-1925)

Question 14

− An American, business executive, public administrator, and the author
of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies.

Answer 14

Chester Irving Barnard

Question 15

The Functions of the Executive (1938): The task of managers is
maintain a system of cooperative effort in a formal organization

Answer 15

Chester Irving Barnard

Question 16

He suggested a comprehensive social systems approach to managing

Answer 16

Chester Irving Barnard

Question 17

Management theorist Chester Barnard believed organizations need to
be both effective and efficient.

Answer 17

Chester Irving Barnard

Question 18

A German-American Psychologist. He was one of the pioneers in
application of psychology to industry and management

Answer 18

Hugo Mȕnsterberg (1912)

Question 19

An American, Social worker, Management Consultant, Philosopher
and pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational
behavior. She advocated a “pull” rather than “push” approach to
employee motivation, differentiated between “power over” and
“power with” and postulated insightful ideas on negotiation, conflict
resolution and power sharing which helped shape modern
management theory.

Answer 19

Mary Parker Follet

Question 20

The Hawthorne studies are a group of studies conducted at the
Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Com. 1920s-1930s

Answer 20

Elton Mayo and F.J. Roethlishberger (1927-1932)

Question 21

A behavioral approach concerned for the workers

Answer 21

Elton Mayo and F.J. Roethlishberger (1927-1932)

Question 22

To seeking greater efficiently: tool & methods

Answer 22

Elton Mayo and F.J. Roethlishberger (1927-1932)

Question 23

An American, his ideas knows as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 23

Abraham Maslow

Question 24

 Self-actualization: truth, justice, wisdom, meaning
 Esteem: self-respect, achievement, attention, recognition,
reputation
 Social needs: friends, belonging, love
 Safety: living in safe area, medical insurance, job security,
financial reserve
 Physiological needs: food, shelter, air, water, nourishment,
sleep, etc.

Answer 24

Maslow hierarchy of needs

Question 25

the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy,
dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to performed.

Answer 25

Theory x

Question 26

the assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek
responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.

Answer 26

Theory y

Question 27

− Theory X and Theory Y
− Theory X : the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy,
dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to performed.
− Theory Y: the assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek
responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.

Answer 27

Douglas MacGregor (1906-1964)

Question 28

is an extension of the Human Relations
Approach.

Answer 28

Behavioral Science Approach

Question 29

 It gave importance to attitudes, behavior and performance of
individuals and groups in the organizations

Answer 29

Behavioral Science Approach

Question 30

Assumptions of Behavioral Science Approach
1. Organizations are socio-technical systems. The management must
integrate both the systems.
2. Work and interpersonal behavior of people in the organization is
influenced by many factors.
3. Employees are motivated not only by physiological needs but also by
social and psychological needs.
4. Different people have different perceptions, attitudes, needs and
values. These differences must be found out and recognized by
management.
5. In an organization conflicts are unavoidable.
6. Personal goals and Organizational goals must be joined together

Answer 30

-read-

Question 31

This involves the use of quantitative techniques to
improve decision making. This approach has also been labeled operations
research of management science. It includes applications of statistics,
optimization models, information models, and computer simulations

Answer 31

Quantitative approach

Question 32

This is an approach aimed at
increasing decision effectiveness through the use of sophisticated
mathematical and statistical methods.

Answer 32

Management Science (or Operational Research)

Question 33

This is the function or field of expertise that is primarily
responsible for production and delivery of an organization’s products and
services.

Answer 33

Operation management

Question 34

Management Information System (MIS)
 It described as ‘lives’ in the space that intersects technology and business.
 MIS combines tech with business to get people the information they need
to do their jobs better/faster/smarter.
 MIS professionals work as systems analysts, project managers, systems
administrators, etc.

Answer 34

-read-

Question 35

This school of thought or view about management includes those major ideas
about managing and organizations that have emerged since the 1950s. Some
of the ideas, systems theory for example, are rooted in experience gained
during World War II.

Answer 35

Contemporary Viewpoint

Question 36

This approach is based on the notion that organizations can
be visualized as systems of interrelated parts or subsystems that operate as a
whole in pursuit of common goals.

Answer 36

System theory

Question 37

This managerial practice depends on circumstances.
Contingency theory recognizes the influence of given solutions on
organizational behavior patterns.

Answer 37

Contingency approach

Question 38

Emerging View
Concepts and practices are shaping today’s management and changing the
way that manager do their jobs:

Answer 38

1. Globalization
2. Entrepreneurship
3. Managing in an E-Business World
4. Need for Innovation and Flexibility
5. Quality Management Systems
6. Learning Organization and knowledge management
7. Theory Z : William Ouchi’s

Question 39

Organizational operations no longer stop at geographic borders.
Managers in all types and sizes of organizations are faced with the
opportunities and challenges of globalization.

Answer 39

Globalization

Question 40

Refers to the process whereby an individual or a group of individuals
uses organized efforts and means to pursue opportunities to create value
and grow by fulfilling wants and needs through innovation and
uniqueness.

Answer 40

Entreprenurship

Question 41

a comprehensive term describing
the way an organization does its work by using electronic (Internetbased) linkages with key constituencies in order to efficiently and
effectively achieve its goals.

Answer 41

E-business(electronic business)

Question 42

This is any form of business exchange
or transaction in which the parties interact electronically.

Answer 42

E-commerce (electronic commerce)

Question 43

D. Need for Innovation and flexibility
 The constant flow of new ideas is crucial for an organization to avoid
obsolescence or failure.
 Flexibility is valuable in a context where customers needs may change
overnight, where new competitors come and go, and where
employees and their skills are shifted as need from project to project

Answer 43

-read-

Question 44

This is a philosophy of management that is
driven by customer needs and expectations and focuses on continual
improvement in work processes.

Answer 44

Total quality management

Question 45

This was inspired by a small group of quality experts, of whom W.
Edwards Deming was one of the chief proponents. He has also
developed and presented his quality and theory of profound
knowledge.

Answer 45

Total quality management

Question 46

This represents a counterpoint to earlier management theorists who
believed that low costs were the only road to increased productivity.

Answer 46

Total quality management

Question 47

The objective of _____ is to create organization committed to
continuous improvement.

Answer 47

Total quality management

Question 48

F. Learning organizations and knowledge management.
Managers now must deal with an environment that is continually
changing. The successful organizations of the 21th century will be
flexible, able to learn and respond quickly, and be led by managers who
can effectively challenge conventional wisdom, manager the
organization’s knowledge base, and make needed changes.
1. A learning organization is one that has developed the capacity to
continuously adapt and change.
2. Knowledge management involves cultivating a learning where
organizational members systematically gather knowledge and
share it with others to achieve better performance.

Answer 48

-read-

Question 49

Theory A combines positive aspects of American and Japanese
management into a modified approach aimed at increasing managerial
effectiveness while remaining compatible with the norms and values of
society and culture

Answer 49

Theory Z: William Ouchi’s