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Biopsychology > Week 2 - The nervous systems: 2.1 Concept of the Synapse > Flashcards

Week 2 - The nervous systems: 2.1 Concept of the Synapse Flashcards

Text on neurons and the synapse.

1
Q

neurons - also called nerve cells

A

first and most basic way to describe behaviour at celullar level.

100 - 150 billion

do not regenerate once dead

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2
Q

Neuron doctrine by Cajal

A

not continuous but contiguous - meaning the neurons are not part of each other, they are independant of each other, but communicate with each other

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3
Q

Types of neurons

A 
Over 200 different types of Neurons, in diff shapes and sizes 
but all have 
- a cell body 
- dendrites 
- an axon
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4
Q

Classification of neurons by shape

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • monopolar
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5
Q

Classification of Neuron via function

A
  • motor neurons
  • sensory neurons
  • interneurons
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6
Q

Neuron via shape - multipolar

A
  • has many dendrites, 1 x axon and located in the brain
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7
Q

Neuron via shape - Bipolar

A
  • has a single dendrite, single axon and is part of the sensory system
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8
Q

Neuron via shape - Monopolar

A
  • Single branch, 1 x input and 1 x output
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9
Q

Neuron via function - Motor Neuron

A
  • muscles & glands
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10
Q

Neuron via function - Sensory Neuron

A
  • respond to changes in the environment (light, smell etc)
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11
Q

Neuron via function - interneurons

A
  • are in the brain, and if the neuron is not a motor or sensory neuron then it is an interneuron
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12
Q

Synapses

A

The point of communication between two neurons, the gap between.

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13
Q

presynaptic neuron (bouton)

A

the neuron that delivers the transmission (prior)

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14
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that receives the transmission

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15
Q

action potential produced by

A

the excitation threshold of the post synaptic neuron

- are always depolarizations

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16
Q

graded potentials

A

may be depolarizations or hyperpolarizations

17
Q

Depolarizations are

A

Excitatory - becomes less negative (eg more positive)

18
Q

Hyperpolarizations are

A

Inhibitory - becomes more negative (eg less positive)

19
Q

Graded depolarisation is EPSP which is

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential, this is a result from a flow of sodium ions into the neuron.

20
Q

Vertebrate Sensory Neuron - shape?

A

is a bipolar neuron

21
Q

Vertebrate motor neuron - shape

A

Multipolar neuron

22
Q

Synpatic Cleft

A

the gap between one neuron and another

23
Q

Axon points/description

A
  • one per neuron
  • myelin covering
  • joins cell at the axon hillock
  • extremely short to extremley long lengths
24
Q

Dendrites points/description

A
  • many per neuron
  • unmyelinated
  • much shorter than axons
25
Q

Myelin - sheath coverings points/description

A
  • affects speed of conduction of neural impulses
  • Within the CNS (oligodendrocytes - a type of glial cell)
  • Outside of the CNS (Schwann Cells - a type of Gilal cell)
  • Nodes of Ranvier
26
Q

Types of Glia cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
Radial glia

  • all can be regenerated
  • a 10:1 ratio of glia cells to neurons exist in the brain
27
Q

Temporal Summation

A

summation over time, - repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effcet
eg one light pinch vs rapid repeated pinches.
the single pinch does not reach the threshold of excitation for the next neuron.

28
Q

EPSP stands for

A

EXCITatory POSTsynaptic POTENTIAL - a graded depolarization
It results from a flow of sodium ions into the neuron.

It is a graded potential

29
Q

Spatial Summation

A

summation over space ( a property of the synapse)
Synaptic inputs from seperate locations combine their effects on a neuron. eg pinching two seperate points.

critical to brain functioning

  • sensory input at a single synapse produces a weak effect
  • if multiple messages are received from many axons, this excites the neuron enough to activate it (action potential)
30
Q

IPSP stands for

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential, meaning the temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane.

Occurs when synaptic input opens the gates for potassium ions to leaqve the cell (carrying a positive charge) or for chloride ions to enter the cell - which carry a negative charge.

inhibiting an impulse

Hyperpolarization = Inhibitory

it is a graded potential

31
Q

What Ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSP (Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential)

A

Sodium Gates open

32
Q

What Ion gates in the membrane open during an IPSP (Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential)

A

Potassium or Chloride Gates open

33
Q

What is spontaneous firing rate

A

Something most neurons have - which is a periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input.

34
Q

What is the reflex arc

A

the circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is

35
Q

What does it mean by reflexes

A

automatic muscular responses to stimuli.

Biopsychology (5 decks)

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