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Biopsychology > Week 2 -The nervous system: 2.2 Chemical events at the synapse > Flashcards

Week 2 -The nervous system: 2.2 Chemical events at the synapse Flashcards

1
Q

The blood brain barrier

A

The purpose of the blood–brain barrier is to protect against circulating toxins or pathogens that could cause brain infections, while at the same time allowing vital nutrients to reach the brain.

https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy/what-blood-brain-barrier

Capillary Cells in the CNS are tightly joined
Capillary Cells outside the CNS have “gaps”

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2
Q

What is CNS

A

Central Nervous System

Brain & Spinal Cord
Responsible for “higher order” functions - perception, thinking, experience, memory, learning

Integrates information for reflex actions. eg conditioning

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3
Q

Where is the CNS

A

Within the brain and down the spinal cord

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4
Q

What is PNS

A

Peripheral nervous System

Afferent nerves - nervous input from the body to the spinal cord.

Efferent or motor nerves which leave the CNS

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5
Q

Where is the PNS

A

Outside the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

How the nervous system is organised and how does it send messages

A

See picture

nerves send messages by releasing chemicals.

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7
Q

PNS - Afferent nerves

A
  • nervous input from the body to the spinal cord
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8
Q

PNS - Efferent or Motor nerves

A
  • nerves which leave the CNS
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9
Q

PNS - Sympathetic Division

A

Produces a fight or flight response - arousing
Activates body during emergency situations
pupils - dilate
salivation - inhibits
lung airways - relaxes
Digestion - inhibits
Heartbeat - accelerates

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10
Q

PNS - Parasympathetic Division

A 
Opposite to sympathetic - relaxing or calming 
Controls non emergency functions 
pupils - Constricts
salivation - Stimulates 
lung airways - Constricts 
Digestion - Stimulates
Heartbeat - Slows
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11
Q

The Neural Impulse

* A working Knowledge of this is necessary, be sure to elloaborate

A

When a neuron fires an action potential.

A change in the membrane potential that is regenerated at successive axon locations

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12
Q

potential

A

Refers to a stored up source of electrical energy

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13
Q

Depolarisation (again)

A

When the inside -relative to the outside electrical potential becomes less negative

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14
Q

Hyperpolarisation (again)

A

When the inside -relative to the outside electrical potential becomes more negative

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15
Q

membrane potential

A

Membrane potential is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. For the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential, normally given in units of millivolts and denoted as mV, range from –40 mV to –80 mV.

Membrane potential is a potential gradient that forces ions to passively move in one direction: positive ions are attracted by the ‘negative’ side of the membrane and negative ions by the ‘positive’ one.

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16
Q

Maintaining the membrane potential

Diffusion (concentration of gradient)

A

Movement of molecules from regions of high to low concentration
note - selective permeability

17
Q

Maintaining the membrane potential

Electrostatic Pressure

A

Molecules attract or repel each other, depending on their inherent charge. (positive or negative)

18
Q

Maintaining the membrane potential

Anions

A

negatively charged ions (eg protein & chloride)

*be sure to know the levels of anions and cations inside & outside the neuron

19
Q

Maintaining the membrane potential

Cations

A

positively charged ions (sodium & potassium)

*be sure to know the levels of anions and cations inside & outside the neuron

20
Q

Cell membrane process

Potassium Channels are permeable, meaning..

A

??????

Role of potassium channels (open potassium channels mean potassium ions move out of the cell)

21
Q

Cell membrane process

Sodium Channels are permeable, meaning..

A

??????

Role of sodium channels (open sodium channels mean sodium ions move into the cell, resulting in depolarisation)

22
Q

Factors affecting speed of impulse

A
  • Diameter of axon
  • Myelinated or Nonmyelinated
  • Saltatory Conduction (nodes of ranvier/gaps)
23
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare, to hop or leap) is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

Skips over the myelin sheath making it faster

24
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare, to hop or leap) is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

Skips over the myelin sheath making it faster

25
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare, to hop or leap) is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

Skips over the myelin sheath making it faster

26
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

At a synapse, a neuron releases chemicals that affect another neuron. These chemicals are known as neurotransmitters

27
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  • Amino Acids
  • A modified Amino Acid
  • Monoamines (also modified from amino acids)
  • Neuropeptides (chains of amino acids)
  • Purines
  • Gases
28
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A
  • Amino Acids
  • A modified Amino Acid
  • Monoamines (also modified from amino acids)
  • Neuropeptides (chains of amino acids)
  • Purines
  • Gases
29
Q

Nitric Oxide - a gas NT

A

Chemical Formula NO is a gas released by many small local neurons (do not confuse with nitrous oxide)

whilst difficult to create in a lab, ,any neurons are able to make them efficiently.

In addition to influencing other neurons, NO dilates the nearby blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow to that brain area.

30
Q

Nitric Oxide - a gas NT

A

Chemical Formula NO is a gas released by many small local neurons (do not confuse with nitrous oxide)

whilst difficult to create in a lab, ,any neurons are able to make them efficiently.

In addition to influencing other neurons, NO dilates the nearby blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow to that brain area.

31
Q

Where are amino acids obtained from and what do they do

A

obtained from protein in the diet, amino acids are used by neurons to form nearly all NT

32
Q

what does exocytosis mean

A

bursts of release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron. Caused after calcium enters the presynpatic terminal

Biopsychology (5 decks)

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