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inf & imm > Week 2 STDs > Flashcards

Week 2 STDs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common bacteria causing STDs?

A
  • Chlamydia: Chlamydia trachomatis
  • Gonorrhea: Neisseria gonorrhea
  • Syphilis: Treponema pallidum
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2
Q

What are the common viruses causing STDs?

A
  • Herpes: HSV-1, HSV-2
  • HPV: Human Papilloma Virus
  • HIV
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3
Q

What are the common parasites causing STDs?

A
  • Trichomoniasis: Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Scabies: Sarcoptes scabeiei
  • Pubic lice
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4
Q

Cause of chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

Obligate intracellular bacteria

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5
Q

s/s of Chlamydia? (IMPT)

A
  • Genital chlamydia mostly asymptomatic but:

-Urethritis very common in infected males (occasionally females)
- Pelvic inflammatory disease common in females

  • Males -> Epididymitis/prostitis, pharyngitis/conjunctivitis amd cervicitis
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6
Q

What are some s/s of urethritis?

A
  • Urethral discharge
  • Dysuria
  • Pyuria
  • Symptoms similar to UTI
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7
Q

What are some complications of chlamydia? (IMPT)

A
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease leading to:
    ~ Infertility
    ~ Tubo-ovarian abscess
    ~ Ectopic pregnancy
    ~ Chronic pelvic pain
  • Infection during pregnancy leading to:
    ~ Premature rupture of woman’s membranes, preterm delivery and low birth weight infants
    ~ Chlamydia trichomatis can be acquired through infected birth canal
    ~ Neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia
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8
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed? (IMPT)

A
  • PCR test (as routine culture not available)
  • Specimen types:
    ~ Endocervical swab (for women)
    ~ First-catch urine (men and woman)
    ~ Urethral swab (for men)
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9
Q

Why is first-catch urine taken to diagnose chlamydia instead of mid-stream urine?

A

Causative bacteria will often be found in the urethra itself

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10
Q

Cause of gonorrhea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

Gram-negative diplococci

Fastidious

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11
Q

s/s of gonorrhea in men? (IMPT)

A

Early & symptomatic
- Urethritis
- Epididymitis / prostitis

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12
Q

s/s of gonorrhea in women? (IMPT)

A

Mostly asymptomatic carries or atypical
- Urethritis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Cervicitis/vaginitis

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13
Q

s/s of extra-genital gonorrhea? (IMPT)

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Disseminated gonococcal infection (bloodstream infection, skin rash, arthritis, fever)
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14
Q

Diagnosis of gonorrhea?

A

Swab or pus specimen in special transport medium (as bacteria is fastidious) for
- C&S
~ Sensitivity testing more important as N. gonorrhea is now more drug-resistant

Urine or swab for
- Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) / PCR

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15
Q

Cause of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

Highly mobile bacteria (can move like a corkscrew)

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16
Q

How is syphilis transmitted?

A
  • Intimate contact with infectious lesions
  • Blood transfusions
  • Transplacental /congenital syphilis
17
Q

What are the 3 stages of syphilis? (IMPT)

A

1) Primary
- Painless sores/chancres at local site
- Sores may turn into ulcers
- Resolves in 3-6 weeks

2) Secondary
- Occurs 2-8 weeks after the chancre appears
- Disseminates throughout the body
- Manifests as rashes, pustular lesions, fever, malaise or lymphadenopathy
- In the groin or moist areas, lesions may coalesce (come together to form a big mass) to for infectious plaques called condylomata lata
- Resolves in 2-10 weeks

3) Tertiary
- Occurs 1-30 years after exposure
- Bacteria may remain in the body, asymptomatic even with primary or secondary syphilis
- Neurosyphilis occurs if bacteria invades the CNS
- CVS syphilis can occur, leading to aneurysms or aortitis

18
Q

Diagnosis of syphilis? (IMPT)

A
  • Serology
  • Screening test (non-treponema antibody testing)
  • Confirmatory test (Treponemal-specific antibody testing)
    ~ e.g. enzyme-immunoassay, TPPA
19
Q

Cause of Herpes?

A

1) Herpes Simplex Virus-1
- Oral herpes / cold sores if oral-oral contact
- Genital herpes if oral-genital contact

2) HSV-2
- Genital herpes

20
Q

Stages of herpes? (IMPT)

A

1) Primary
- Commonly asymptomatic or has mild symptoms only
- Presents as painful blisters/ulcers at the site of infection and crusting
- Eye infections (herpetic keratitis)
- CNS infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
- Neonatal infection

2) Latency stage
- Remains latent and present for life
- Potential for recurrence or reactivation of the virus

3) Reactivation stage
- Same spectrum of infections as primary infection
- Accounts for greater proportion of encephalitis infx

21
Q

Diagnosis of herpes?

A
  • In universal transport media (UTM) for PCR or NAAT (most common)
  • In viral transport media (VTM) for viral cultures
22
Q

Cause of HPV?

A
  • Human papilloma virus
  • By direct skin-skin contact (sex, touching infected area, mother to baby)
23
Q

Stages of HPV infection?

A

1) Primary
- May be asymptomatic or with mild symptoms
- May present with warts at genital area

2) Spontaneously resolves OR

3) Persistent infection
- Due to infection with high risk HPV types
- Increased risk of cervical, anal, oro-pharygeal cancer

24
Q

How to prevent HPV?

A

1) Primary (at HPV infx)
- Vaccination, condom promotion, sexuality education

2) Secondary (at precancer)
- Cervical screening
~ Recommended for 30-49 y/o
~ Every 5 years

3) Tertiary (at cancer stage)
- Treatment of cancer

25
Q

Diagnosis of HPV?

A
  • PCR / NAAT
  • High-risk serotype testing
  • Cervical cytology (study of cells)
26
Q

Cause of Trichomoniasis?

A
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Single-celled parasite
27
Q

s/s of Trichomoniasis?

A
  • Women affected more than men
  • Mostly asymptomatic
  • Malodorous discharge
  • Urethritis
  • Vaginitis
  • Itching
28
Q

Diagnosis of trichomoniasis?

A
  • Microscopy of vaginal secretions
  • PCR / NAAT
  • Rapid antigen test (binds to antigens on cells)

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