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inf & imm > (FE) Week 8 Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

(FE) Week 8 Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Self vs non-self?

A

Self:
- Particles made by body
- Should not be targeted by the immune system
~ Non-reactivity known as tolerance

Non-self:
- Particles/foreign bodies not made by body
- Potentially harmful
- Makes proteins known as antigens

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2
Q

What are antigens?

A
  • Any molecule that triggers an immune response
  • Can be entire pathogens or smaller proteins expressed by them
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3
Q

What are the phases in immunity?

A

1) Recognition
- Pathogens and host breakdown products

2) Activation
- Inflammation and recruitment of immune cells

3) Effector
- Removal of infectious agent

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4
Q

What are the pros and cons of the immune system?

A

Pros:
1) Defence against pathogens and cancer
2) Vaccines

Cons:
1) Inappropriate reaction against allergens or self
2) Reaction against transplant tissue

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5
Q

What are the classifications of immune cells?

A

1) Phagocytes
- Part of innate immunity
- Recognizes and ingests microbes
- Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells

2) Lymphocytes
- Part of adaptive immunity
- Recognizes antigens before differentiating into cells with defense functions
- T, B lymphocytes

3) Antigen-presenting cells
- Captures antigens and displays them to lymphocytes
- Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B lymphocytes

4) Effector cells
- WBC that eliminate microbes
- Lymphocytes, NK Cells

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6
Q

What are the characteristics and MOA of Neutrophils?

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Polymorphonuclear
  • Innate immune cell
  • Against bacteria and fungi
  • Ingests microbes, then discharges granules containing microbicidal substances
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7
Q

What are the characteristics and MOA of Basophils?

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Circulates the body
  • Activated in allergic responses
  • Releases active mediators from granules
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8
Q

What are the characteristics and MOA of Eosinophils?

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Bilobed nucleus (owl eyes)
  • Against helminth infx
  • Pathological in asthma
  • Releases active mediators from granules
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9
Q

What are the characteristics and MOA of Mast cells?

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Innate immune cell
  • Activated in allergies, helminth infx and inflammation
  • Releases factors from granules
    ~ eg histamine and lipids
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10
Q

What are the characteristics and MOA of NK cells?

A
  • Large granular lymphocyte
  • Innate immune cell
  • Early protection against viruses and tumor cells
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11
Q

What are the characteristics and MOA of Monocytes and Macrophages?

A
  • Innate immune cells
  • APC
  • Monocytes found in blood circulation
    ~ Can develop into macrophages and dendritic cells when they migrate to tissues
  • Kills or destroys ingested pathogens
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12
Q

What are the characteristics and MOA of dendritic cells?

A
  • Innate immune cells
  • APC
  • Found in most tissues
  • Captures material in the tissues and processes the material to induce immune response
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13
Q

What are the cells that target viruses, extracellular and intracellular bacteria, and helminths?

A

Viruses:
- T cells, Antibodies, NK cells

Intracellular bacteria:
- Macrophages, T cells

Extracellular bacteria:
- Neutrophils, Macrophages, Antibodies

Helminths:
- Antibodies, Eosinophils, Mast cells

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14
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur?

A

Primary lymphoid organs:
- Fetal liver first
- Bone marrow
- Thymus (for lymphocytes)

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15
Q

What are the 3 major stages of haematopoeisis?

A

1) Hematopoietic stem cells
- Self- renewing
- Pluripotent
~ Gives rise to all blood cell types

2) Progenitor cells
- Lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells
~ (L) -> Dendritic cells, NK cells, lymphocytes
~ (M) -> Granulocytes, mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

3) Mature cells
- Differentiated from progenitor cells

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16
Q

What happens at the thymus?

A
  • T cell development
  • Precursor cells from the bone marrow migrates to the thymus for maturation
17
Q

Where are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Mucosal lymphoid tissues
18
Q

How does lymph flow?

A
  • Concentrated at portals of entry
  • Immune cells enter through afferent lymphatics and high endothelial venules
  • Exits the LN through efferent lymph
  • Flow of lymph from tissues to LN ferries material for processing and recognition
19
Q

When can lymphadenopathy occur?

A
  • Proliferation of immune cells on infection
  • Proliferation of tumor cells
  • LN that drain the site of pathology become enlarged
20
Q

What happens at the spleen?

A
  • Filters blood of old and damaged RBC and foreign material

Anatomy of spleen:
- Capsule
- Red pulp (where RBC are destroyed(
- White pulp (where lymphoid follicles and lymphocytes are found)

21
Q

What are the immune complications of a splenectomy?

A
  • More vulnerable to illnesses caused by bacteria
    ~ Step pneumonia, H influenzae, malaria
22
Q

What is the intercellular communication in the immune system?

A

1) Soluble factors (ie cytokines)
- Has widespread effects on susceptible cells

2) Cell-cell contact
- Targeted effects on specific cells

23
Q

What are cytokines?

A
  • Immunological hormone that change the function of the same or another cell
  • Chemokines attract cells along a gradient from low to high concentration
24
Q

What are the actions of cytokines on cells?

A

1) Autocrine
- Acts on itself

2) Paracrine
- Acts on nearby cells

3) Endocrine
- Enters circulation to act on distant cells

25
Q

How are WBC analysed?

A

Fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC):
- Forward scatter (more scatter intensity, more cell volume)
- Side scatter (provides info about the internal cell structure, eg nucleus and granules)
- Side fluorescence (amount of nucleic acids i the cells)

25
Q

Serum vs plasma?

A

Plasma - w/ clotting factors, achieved if anticoagulant is added to blood

Serum - no clotting factors

25
Q

What are some possible reasons of a low WBC count?

A
  • Viral infection
  • Severe bacterial infection
  • Bone marrow suppression caused by treatments

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