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PSYC 371 > Week 2 Slides > Flashcards

Week 2 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of evidence discussed in the lecture?

A. Anecdotal
B. Empirical
C. Hypothetical
D. Experimental

A

C. Hypothetical

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2
Q

What is a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

A. An experiment with a control group
B. An experiment where patients are randomly assigned to treatment or comparison conditions
C. An experiment where patients receive a random treatment
D. An experiment where all patients receive the treatment

A

B. An experiment where patients are randomly assigned to treatment or comparison conditions

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3
Q

What is the primary concern regarding anecdotal evidence?

A. It is usually inaccurate
B. It is subject to various biases
C. It is the most unreliable form of evidence
D. It is always false

A

B. It is subject to various biases

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4
Q

What is the main purpose of random assignment in an experimental design?

A. To ensure that the researcher knows the outcome
B. To ensure that the groups are equivalent at the start of the study
C. To ensure that the participants choose their groups
D. To ensure that the outcome is predictable

A

B. To ensure that the groups are equivalent at the start of the study

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5
Q

Which of the following is a component of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) according to the APA?

A. Best available research
B. Ignoring patient characteristics
C. Disregarding clinical expertise
D. Following only intuition

A

A. Best available research

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6
Q

Which of the following is the best available research in Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

A. Clinical expterise
B. Patient experience
C. Correlational studies
D. Meta-alayses

A

D. Meta-alayses

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7
Q

What is a potential problem with pre-post design studies?

A. They always know why the treatment worked
B. They don’t allow for measuring change
C. They cannot determine causality for observed changes
D. They always use large sample sizes

A

C. They cannot determine causality for observed changes

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8
Q

What is the significance of having treatments tested by independent research teams for establishing efficacy?

A. To control for allegiance/investigator effects
B. Because it is a standard protocol
C. To make the research process longer
D. To ensure all researchers get equal opportunities

A

A. To control for allegiance/investigator effects

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9
Q

What does “Specificity” in the context of Empirically Supported Therapies (ESTs) refer to?

A. The treatment is only efficacious
B. The treatment is superior to conditions that control for nonspecific processes
C. The treatment is not better than a placebo
D. The treatment is generalizable to all conditions

A

B. The treatment is superior to conditions that control for nonspecific processes

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10
Q

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A. A decrease in participant output when being observed
B. An increase in participant output simply due to being in a study
C. A stable participant output regardless of observation
D. A phenomenon where participants perform worse in studies

A

B. An increase in participant output simply due to being in a study

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11
Q

What is the primary goal of using a control group in experimental designs?

A. To control the patients’s behaviour
B. To have a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
C. To ensure all participants receive treatment
D. To make the statistical model more reliable

A

B. To have a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

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12
Q

What does “Idiographic” refer to in the context of therapy effectiveness?

A. Assessing the effectiveness of a treatment for a particular client
B. Generalizing results from studies to apply to all individuals
C. Ignoring individual differences
D. Focusing only on statistical data

A

A. Assessing the effectiveness of a treatment for a particular client

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13
Q

Which of the following biases is related to giving credence to evidence that supports our existing beliefs?

A. Hindsight bias
B. Demand characteristics
C. Confirmation bias
D. Placebo effects

A

C. Confirmation bias

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14
Q

What is the main concern about using anecdotal evidence in understanding if therapy works?

A. It is systematic and reliable
B. It is subject to biases and not systematic
C. It is alwaysbased on small sample sizes
D. It is done only by inexperienced researchers

A

B. It is subject to biases and not systematic

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15
Q

What is the role of “Clinical Expertise” in EBP?

A. It is integrated to apply research evidence in practice
B. It is disregarded in favor of strictly adhering to research evidence
C. It is less important as patient characteristics and preferences because therapists have studied which treatments work best
D. It is more important than research because the clinician has experience with patients every day

A

A. It is integrated to apply research evidence in practice

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16
Q

What does “Efficiency” in the context of ESTs primarily refer to?

A. The time efficiency of the treatment
B. The cost-effectiveness of the treatment
C. The number of patients that can be treated
D. The simplicity of the treatment

A

B. The cost-effectiveness of the treatment

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17
Q

Which of the following is a non-specific factor in therapy?

A. Therapist attention
B. Use of a particular therapeutic technique
C. The therapist’s theoretical orientation
D. The treatment manual used

A

A. Therapist attention

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18
Q

What is a key characteristic of “Empirical” evidence?

A. It is based on personal experiences and beliefs
B. It is qualitative
C. It is systematic
D. It is based on theories

A

C. It is systematic

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19
Q

What is the main objective of “Acquire” in the process of EBP?

A. To answer the clinical question
B. To gather clinical expertise
C. To get patients
D. To gather relevant evidence

A

D. To gather relevant evidence

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20
Q

What does “Apply” in the EBP process primarily involve?

A. Applying appraised evidence
B. Applying experiments
C. Applying new treatments
D. Applying serveys to patients

A

A. Applying appraised evidence

21
Q

Which is NOT one of the five As of EBP?

A. Ask
B. Accept
C. Apply
D. Acquire

A

B. Accept

22
Q

In EBP, Patient characteristics are

A. averaged to find one treatment for a whole group
B. not taken very into account because evidence on the efficacy of the therapy is more important
C. used to determine the number and type of sessions
D. avoided by the therapist so he doesn’t become biased against anyone

A

C. used to determine the number and type of sessions

23
Q

In the context of cultural competency, what does “Intersectionality” refer to?

A. The intersections where different cultural groups meet and exchange traditions
B. The creation of a new culture by combining elements from different existing cultures
C. Recognizing that everyone belongs to multiple groups based on factors like ethnicity, gender, culture, etc.
D. The study of intersections in different cultural histories and their impact on present-day societies

A

C. Recognizing that everyone belongs to multiple groups based on factors like ethnicity, gender, culture, etc.

24
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of evidence discussed in the lecture?

A. Anecdotal evidence, which is based on personal stories and experiences
B. Empirical evidence, which is derived from observation and measurement
C. Theoretical evidence, which is based on theoretical or philosophical belief
D. Experimental evidence, which is obtained through controlled experiments

A

C. Theoretical evidence, which is based on theoretical or philosophical belief

25
Q

What is a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)?

A. A trial where participants are randomly assigned to different conditions
B. A trial where participants are randomly selected from the population
C. A trial where outcomes are randomly determined
D. A trial where treatments are randomly chosen for evaluation

A

A. A trial where participants are randomly assigned to different conditions

26
Q

What is the primary concern regarding anecdotal evidence?

A. It may be too systematic and not allow for application to individual cases
B. It may be subject to personal biases and is not systematically gathered
C. It may be too focused on individual experiences and not consider larger trends
D. It may be too reliant on personal narratives and not consider alternative explanations

A

B. It may be subject to personal biases and is not systematically gathered

27
Q

What is the main purpose of random assignment in an experimental design?

A. To ensure that the groups are randomly distributed throughout the study
B. To ensure that the groups are randomly selected from the population
C. To ensure that the groups are randomly varied in size
D. To ensure that the groups are equivalent at the start of the study

A

D. To ensure that the groups are equivalent at the start of the study

28
Q

Which of the following is a component of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) according to the APA?

A. Best available research, which involves using the most relevant and well-conducted studies
B. Best available experts, which involves consulting with the most experienced clinicians
C. Best available resources, which involves utilizing the most advanced technology
D. Best available methods, which involves using the most recent therapeutic techniques

A

A. Best available research, which involves using the most relevant and well-conducted studies

29
Q

What is a potential problem with pre-post design studies?

A. They may not control for external variables affecting the results
B. They may not control for variables that change over time
C. They may not control for internal variables affecting the results
D. They may not control for variables that remain constant over time

A

B. They may not control for variables that change over time

30
Q

What is the significance of having treatments tested by independent research teams for establishing efficacy?

A. To control for random effects, which can occur without a cause
B. To control for placebo effects, which can influence the outcomes
C. To control for allegiance effects, which can bias the results
D. To control for experimental effects, which can alter the findings

A

C. To control for allegiance effects, which can bias the results

31
Q

What does “Specificity” in the context of Empirically Supported Therapies (ESTs) refer to?

A. The treatment is specific to a particular age group or demographic
B. The treatment is specific to a particular therapeutic approach
C. The treatment is specific to a particular setting or context
D. The treatment is specific to a particular disorder or issue

A

D. The treatment is specific to a particular disorder or issue

32
Q

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

A. An effect where participants alter their behavior due to being observed
B. An effect where participants alter their behavior due to the experimental conditions
C. An effect where participants alter their behavior due to the outcomes expected
D. An effect where participants alter their behavior due to the feedback received

A

A. An effect where participants alter their behavior due to being observed

33
Q

What is a characteristic of “Anecdotal” evidence?

A. It is based on systematic methodologies
B. It is based on personal experiences and beliefs
C. It is based on randomized controlled trials
D. It is based on peer-reviewed research studies

A

B. It is based on personal experiences and beliefs

34
Q

What is the main objective of “Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)” in psychotherapy?

A. To prioritize clinical expertise over research and patient characteristics
B. To prioritize patient characteristics over research and clinical expertise
C. To integrate best available research, clinical expertise, and patient characteristics in clinical decision-making
D. To prioritize research over clinical expertise and patient characteristics

A

C. To integrate best available research, clinical expertise, and patient characteristics in clinical decision-making

35
Q

What is a potential issue with using only clinical expertise in practice without integrating research evidence?

A. It may lead to over-reliance on outdated therapeutic methods
B. It may lead to neglecting recent advancements in the field
C. It may lead to ignoring alternative effective interventions
D. It may lead to relying on interventions that are not empirically supported

A

D. It may lead to relying on interventions that are not empirically supported

36
Q

What is the main focus of “Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)” in psychotherapy?

A. Using both evidence and experience
B. Prioritizing clinical expertise
C. Prioritizng evidence
D. Conducting research on large populations

A

A. Using both evidence and experience

37
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of “Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)” according to the APA?

A. Efficacy, which refers to the treatment’s ability to produce desired outcomes
B. Specificity, which refers to the treatment’s ability to target specific disorders
C. Popularity, which refers to the treatment’s widespread use
D. Efficiency, which refers to the treatment’s cost-effectiveness

A

C. Popularity, which refers to the treatment’s widespread use

38
Q

What is the significance of “Allegiance Effects” in therapy research?

A. They refer to the participants’ loyalty towards a particular treatment
B. They refer to biases that may arise due to researchers’ belief in the efficacy of the treatment being studied
C. They refer to the therapists’ preference for a particular treatment
D. They refer to the funding agencies’ preference for a particular treatment

A

B. They refer to biases that may arise due to researchers’ belief in the efficacy of the treatment being studied

39
Q

What is the primary purpose of “Placebo Control Groups” in research studies?

A. To control for the specific effects of the treatment
B. To ensure all participants receive the treatment
C. To ensure the study is non-blinded
D. To control for the nonspecific effects of being in therapy

A

D. To control for the nonspecific effects of being in therapy

40
Q

What is true about using “Treatment Manuals” in therapy research?

A. They restrict flexibility and individualization in therapy
B. They ensure flexibility and individualization in therapy
C. They always ensure adherence to the treatment protocol
D. They always ensure the treatment’s efficacy

A

A. They restrict flexibility and individualization in therapy

41
Q

What does “Efficacy” in the context of Empirically Supported Therapies (ESTs) refer to?

A. The treatment’s ability to be applied universally across all disorders
B. The treatment’s ability to produce desired outcomes in controlled settings
C. The treatment’s ability to be easily implemented in various settings
D. The treatment’s ability to be preferred by clinicians

A

B. The treatment’s ability to produce desired outcomes in controlled settings

42
Q

What is a potential problem with relying on quasi-experimental designs in psychotherapy research?

A. It may over-control extraneous variables so that the setting is unrealistic
B. It may lead to overly simplistic data interpretation
C. It may lead to confounding variables affecting the results
D. It may be applicable in too limited a situation

A

C. It may lead to confounding variables affecting the results

43
Q

What is the role of “Best Available Research” in EBP?

A. It is the sole factor in making clinical decisions
B. It is more important than clinical expertise in making clinical decisions
C. It is more important than patient characteristics because it is based on rigorous studies
D. It is as important as patient characteristics and clinical expertise

A

D. It is as important as patient characteristics and clinical expertise

44
Q

What is emphasized about cultural competency according to Sue (2001)?

A. Developing competency attitudes related to different cultures
B. Ignoring one’s own cultural experiences and beliefs so they don’t bias you
C. Focusing on visible cultural attributes
D. Studying the beliefs of all cultural groups

A

A. Developing competency attitudes related to different cultures

45
Q

Cultural competency does NOT include competency in

A. attitudes
B. languages
C. knowledge
D. skills

A

B. languages

46
Q

What is a key aspect of the “Best Available Research” component in Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

A. Prioritizng internal validity over external validity
B. Balancing internal and external validity
C. Rejecting anecdotal evidence
D. Rejecting qualitative data

A

B. Balancing internal and external validity

47
Q

What is the primary focus of the “Appraise” step in the EBP process?

A. Appraising the culture of the patient
B. Appraising the clinical expertise of the therapist
C. Appraising acquired evidence
D. Appraising the efficacy of the treatment

A

C. Appraising acquired evidence

48
Q

In the EBP process, what does the “Assess” step primarily involve?

A. Assessing the therapists’ clinical expertise
B. Assessing the fit of the patient for the therapy
C. Assessing the evidence
D. Assessing the effectiveness of the treatment in practise

A

D. Assessing the effectiveness of the treatment in practise

49
Q

When is assessment done?

A. at the beginning of therapy
B. at the end of therapy
C. both at the beginning and at the end of therapy
D. during therapy

A

C. both at the beginning and at the end of therapy

PSYC 371 (6 decks)

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