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PSYC 371 > Lilienfeld "Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice" > Flashcards

Lilienfeld "Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice" Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary concern of Lilienfeld regarding Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?

A. The cost of implementing EBP
B. The popularity of EBP among psychologists
C. Resistance to EBP among clinical psychologists
D. The simplicity of EBP methodology

A

C. Resistance to EBP among clinical psychologists

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2
Q

What does Lilienfeld NOT list as a source of resistance to EBP?

A. Naïve realism
B. Misconceptions regarding human nature
C. Lack of available research on EBP
D. Mischaracterizations of what EBP entails

A

C. Lack of available research on EBP

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3
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about naïve realism?

A. It helps in making accurate inferences in psychotherapy
B. It can lead clinicians to make erroneous inferences about the effectiveness of interventions
C. It is unrelated to therapeutic outcomes
D. It is a fundamental principle of EBP

A

B. It can lead clinicians to make erroneous inferences about the effectiveness of interventions

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4
Q

Which of the following is a myth or misconception regarding human nature discussed by Lilienfeld?

A. Early experiences have no impact on development
B. Memory is always reliable
C. The causal primacy of early experiences
D. All interventions are equally effective

A

C. The causal primacy of early experiences

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5
Q

What does Lilienfeld state about the application of group probabilities to individuals?

A. It is difficult
B. It is a nomothetic practise
C. It is an idiographic practise
D. It involves moving from nomothetic laws to idiographic practice

A

D. It involves moving from nomothetic laws to idiographic practice

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6
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the burden of proof in evaluating therapies?

A. It should be on proponents of therapies to demonstrate their efficacy
B. It should be on those who are skeptical of new therapies
C. It is equally distributed between skeptics and proponents
D. It is on the psychologists who work with patients every day

A

A. It should be on proponents of therapies to demonstrate their efficacy

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7
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest is a mischaracterization of EBP according to the authors?

A. It is only about empirically supported therapies
B. It is about using scientific evidence to inform practice
C. It ignores clinical expertise
D. It considers client characteristics, culture, and preferences

A

C. It ignores clinical expertise

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8
Q

What is one pragmatic obstacle to EBP mentioned by Lilienfeld?

A. Too little time
B. Overreliance on clinical expertise
C. Lack of EBP treatments
D. Difficulty understanding research

A

C. Difficulty understanding research

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9
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of EBP in clinical education and practice?

A. It is too difficult
B. It is essential
C. It should be introduced slowly
D. It is only relevant for researchers

A

B. It is essential

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10
Q

hat is NOT a recommendation given by Lilienfeld for addressing resistance to EBP?

A. Ignoring resistance among practitioners
B. Enhancing graduate education in research methodology
C. Encouraging a scientific mindset in students
D. Addressing misconceptions about EBP in training

A

A. Ignoring resistance among practitioners

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11
Q

What is a point about EBP by Lilienfeld?

A. EBP equals empirically supported therapy
B. EBP does not always need to be supported by empirical evidence
C. EBP is not applicable in clinical psychology
D. EBP does not equal empirically supported therapy

A

D. EBP does not equal empirically supported therapy

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12
Q

What is a concern of Lilienfeld regarding naïve realism and therapeutic effectiveness?

A. It can lead to accurate conclusions about therapeutic change
B. It is relevant to the efficacy of a therapy
C. It may lead to attributing change to the intervention when other factors may be responsible
D. It is a stance taken by the majority of clinicians

A

C. It may lead to attributing change to the intervention when other factors may be responsible

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13
Q

What does Lilienfeld mention about myths regarding effective interventions?

A. They are not prevalent among psychologists
B. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments
C. They should be ignored
D. They are the most relevant topic in the discussion of EBP

A

B. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments

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14
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the use of statistical controls in research?

A. They are always reliable
B. They are not used in EBP
C. They can be susceptible to model misspecification
D. The more complex the model, the more useful

A

C. They can be susceptible to model misspecification and inferential error

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15
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the importance of replication in research?

A. It increases confidence
B. It is much more relevant in psychology than in other fields
C. It protects against drawing erroneous conclusions from a single study
D. It complicates research findings

A

C. It protects against drawing erroneous conclusions from a single study

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16
Q

What is a misconception about EBP mentioned by Lilienfeld?

A. It is widely accepted among psychologists
B. It is only about research evidence
C. It ignores the importance of clinical expertise
D. It is not relevant to clinical practice

A

C. It ignores the importance of clinical expertise

17
Q

What does Lilienfeld mention about myths regarding effective interventions?

A. They are not relevant to the discussion of EBP
B. They are not prevalent among psychologists
C. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments
D. They should be ignored

A

A. They can hinder the adoption of evidence-based treatments

18
Q

What is traditionally defined as the first leg of the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) stool?

A. The best available research evidence
B. Clinical expertise
C. Client preferences and values
D. Clinical experience

A

A. The best available research evidence

19
Q

What is the evidence often conceptualized as, with regard to the first leg of EBP?

A. A linear model
B. A hierarchy with data from meta-analyses and RCTs at the apex
C. A hierarchy with correlational studies at the apex
D. A hierarchy with quasi-experimental studies at the apex

A

B. A hierarchy with data from meta-analyses and RCTs at the apex

20
Q

What does the second leg of the EBP stool comprise?

A. Only clinical judgment
B. Only clinical experience
C. Client preferences and values
D. Clinical expertise

A

D. Clinical expertise

21
Q

What does the third leg of the EBP stool consist of?

A. Clinical expertise
B. Research evidence
C. Client preferences and values
D. Clinical judgment

A

C. Client preferences and values

22
Q

What is the relationship between EBP and Empirically Supported Therapies (ESTs) as per the article?

A. EBP and ESTs are identical
C. EBP is a type of EST
C. ESTs are outdated forms of EBP
D. ESTs may inform EBP, but they are not equivalent

A

D. ESTs may inform EBP, but they are not equivalent

23
Q

Which involves using clinical skills and past experiences to identify each patient’s unique health state and diagnosis?

A. Clinical evidence
B. Clinical experience
C. Clinical expertise
D. Clinical research

A

C. Clinical expertise

24
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of scientific evidence in EBP?

A. It has less priority than clinical experience
B. It has equal priority to patient’s experiences
C. It has higher priority than clinical expertise
D. It is not a component of EBP

A

C. It has higher priority than clinical expertise

25
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about resistance to EBP?

A. We should ignore it to move on
B. It should not be ignored or dismissed
C. It is not prevalent among psychologists, anyway, so it’s not important
D. It can be combatted by presenting research literature

A

B. It should not be ignored or dismissed

26
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of scientific evidence in evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapies?

A. It is indispensable when evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapies
B. It is less important than other components
C. It is more important than patients’ judgements and equally as important as clinical expertise
D. It is not relevant for all psychotherapies

A

A. It is indispensable when evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapies

27
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the role of clinical experience in informing valid practitioner judgments?

A. It is the most important component of EBP since it invovles the people who have experience treating patients
B. It is not used in EBP since EBP is exclusively about experimental evidence.
C. It is indispensable as a source of clinical hypotheses.
D. It is too simple to be useful

A

C. It is indispensable as a source of clinical hypotheses.

28
Q

What is the perspective of naïve realism regarding perception and reality?

A. Perception is always distorted
B. Reality is always subjective
C. Perception and reality are unrelated
D. The external world is exactly as we perceive it

A

D. The external world is exactly as we perceive it

29
Q

What does the phrase “believing is seeing” imply in the context of naïve realism?

A. Beliefs do not influence perception
B. Our beliefs can shape our perceptions
C. Seeing always leads to believing
D. Beliefs are always based on what we see

A

B. Our beliefs can shape our perceptions

30
Q

What is a logical error related to attributing change following therapy to the therapy itself?

A. Post hoc ergo propter hoc
B. Ad hominem
C. Straw man
D. Red herring

A

A. Post hoc ergo propter hoc

31
Q

What does the history of medicine suggest about treatments before about 1890?

A. They were largely based on scientific research
B. They were mostly effective
C. They were largely the history of the placebo effect
D. They were mostly based on psychological principles

A

C. They were largely the history of the placebo effect

32
Q

How can overreliance on naïve realism lead to inaccurate judgements about therapeutic efficacy?

A. It makes forming control groups more diffcult
B. It may lead to misperceiving change
C. It enhances the placebo effect
D. It amplifies intergroup differences

A

B. It may lead to misperceiving change

33
Q

What is true about prefrontal lobotomy?

A. It was always considered ineffective
B. It was developed without any scientific basis
C. It won a Nobel Prize
D. It was not practiced widely

A

C. It won a Nobel Prize

34
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about Causes of Spurious Therapeutic Effectiveness (CSTEs)?

A. They are always perceptually salient
B. They are always recognized by therapists
C. They are not relevant in clinical psychology
D. They can make ineffective or harmful interventions appear effective

A

D. They can make ineffective or harmful interventions appear effective

35
Q

What is a characteristic of CSTEs in the context of therapeutic interventions?

A. They are based on scientific evidence
B. They lead to harmful outcomes
C. They lie in the causal background
D. They are acknowledged by therapists

A

C. They lie in the causal background

36
Q

What does Lilienfeld suggest about the impact of CSTEs on therapeutic interventions?

A. They can mislead therapists into believing an intervention is effective when it is not
B. They enhance therapeutic effectiveness
C. They are recognized and accounted for by therapists
D. They can be eliminated

A

A. They can mislead therapists into believing an intervention is effective when it is not

37
Q

What does the article imply about the relationship between CSTEs and therapeutic outcomes?

A. CSTEs always lead to negative therapeutic outcomes
C. CSTEs influence perceived therapeutic outcomes
B. CSTEs are always identified and controlled for in therapy
D. CSTEs cannot be eliminated and have come to be accepted

A

C. CSTEs influence perceived therapeutic outcomes

PSYC 371 (6 decks)

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