Week 2: Securitization vs Dialogic pedagogies

Question 1

Securitiziation (Sukarieh)

Answer 1

The process of presenting an issue in security terms, in other words as an existential threat

Question 2

Securitization (de Winter)

Answer 2

When youth is ‘mainly seen as a danger to be combatted’

Question 3

Clinical ‘At Risk’ approach:

Answer 3

the youth is framed as a source of threat to the society

Question 4

Politics as supernanny

Answer 4

parents and other care-takers are seen as not competent enough to raise obedient children who will not pose a threat to social order

Question 5

Negative freedom

Answer 5

individual freedom from external restraint, minimal
state interference in actions.
Example: Freedom from state-imposed vaccination to your children.

Question 6

Positive freedom

Answer 6

the freedom to do something, to give meaning together,
collective control over common life, larger focus on (societal) participation.
Example: freedom to vote (to join in decision-making)

Question 7

Securitization of youth bulges and surplus populations

Answer 7

• Two-thirds of the population in the Arab world are under the age of 29
• High youth unemployment and poverty seen as a threat for peace & security beyond region
• outcome of the neoliberal development model & technological displacement of labor
• Stigmatizing for male youth of color who is portrayed as more prone to unrest
  –>They do not want this because the youth will migrate to rich countries and will go against the social order

Question 8

Securitization of rioting youth and youth with extreme ideas

Answer 8

• Surplus youth populations deprived from economic opportunities: more prone to extremism and radicalization
• International development organizations & donors call for teaching youth the skills of ‘market democracy’
• Policy responses: focus on the identity, ideology and psychology of radicalized youth instead of the cause for their grievances
• Youth as peacebuilders or pacification of youth? Limited attention to social justice and the role of oppressive regimes

Question 9

Securitization of globally networked youth

Answer 9

• Moral panic over the use of the internet and social media to radicalize and recruit youth around the world
• Programmatic & policy response: engaging youth to produce counter-narratives online
• Google, Microsoft, Facebook, twitter cooperate with governments to censor extremist message and divert searches to counter-narratives
  –>These measures do not teach the youth to dialogue and interpreting the messages
• Little evidence on the effectivity of such measures

Question 10

The Dutch ‘combined approach’ to loitering youth: (De Winter)

Answer 10

• Constructive methods of confrontation: setting clear limit on acceptable behavior while building trust and connections with the community
• Making reciprocal agreements after serious consultation between the parties

Question 11

Dialogic-evidence based policies (Aiello)

Answer 11

policies that take into account the
dialogue of the scientific evidence
and the people who will be affected by the policies elaborated on this evidence

Question 12

Main message Aiello

Answer 12

To avoid securitization of the youth and stigmatization of the concerned population, surveillance measures (such as stop & search) need to be replaced with engaging the community, building alliances and youth outreach programs

Question 13

Four core elemtents of safe spaces for dialogue (Aiello)

Answer 13

1. Provide guidance to be safe in the exploration of
   extremist messages and violent radicalization:
   encourage critical thinking without judging the
   person;
2. Reject violence: peace & democracy education;
3. Talk with, not talk at: egalitarian dialogue;
4. Build trustworthiness: via alliances in
   neighborhoods.

Question 14

Effective parenting (de Winter)

Answer 14

opvoedondersteuning uit instructie hoe je ongewenst gedrag kunt vervangen door gewenst gedrag. Gaat niet over fundamentele en normatieve kwesties –> Neutraliteit voor professionals en makkelijk meetbaar

Question 15

Unruly politics (Kaulingsfreks)

Answer 15

the political agency of people who are not deemed worthy political actors but do interfere in the political organization of society

Question 16

2 dimensions of riots (Kaulingfreks)

Answer 16

1. Expressive dimension: the feeling that the use of violence is the only way to convey discontent and to be heard by those in power
2. Instrumental dimension: the wish to make the state and other public services aware of the basic resources that the adolescent involved the lack in their lives

Question 17

Main messages Kaulingfreks

Answer 17

Place young ‘troublemakers’ outside of the body of ‘normal’ citizens and inside a frame of deviant exponents of a dangerous street culture. Their abnormality is pathologized rather than politicised

The disruptive interventions of young urban troublemakers in urban spaces can be seen as a form of unruly political agency. In the act of rioting marginalized young people can make themselces visible as citizens who are not sufficiently represented in the formal practice of politics. Their disruptive actions therefore have a political sense.

Question 18

Youth Bulge (Sukarieh)

Answer 18

The idea that there is in many countries in the Global South a disproportionate and unprecedented number of young people, and this demographic imbalance can lead to the escalated conflict, violence, and political unrest if not addressed effectively.

Question 19

Critique Youth Bulge theory (Sukarieh)

Answer 19

drawing on stereotypical claims about youth, particular male youth of colour in the Global South.

Young men are more inclined to violence and conflict than other age groups since they are allegedly ‘highly idealistic, sensitive of peer approval, prone to risk taking and naively accepting of ideological explanations.

Talk about the problem of surplus populations while shifting attention from the internal struggles of a global capitalist society towards external struggles.

Question 20

3 points youth as peacebuilders (Sukarieh)

Answer 20

1. Youth peace and security agenda adopts an essentialist view of peace as self-evidently and unproblematically desirable, with violence and conflict unquestionably bad and desirable (geweld soms nodig). It fails to address the regional and global structural violence, inequality, and injustice that make commitments to peace impossible in current context
2. What is peace, who defines it?
3. there are too many unemployed people, there isn’t a place for them or trained to get a job. The thinking is that if young people have a job, they don’t riot –> neoliberalism.

Question 21

3 overlapping sets of security concerns:

Answer 21

1. Youth Bulge: especially young men as a threat. Youth Bulge countries aren’t a threat in real life of youth isn’t the problem. The elite use the Youth Bulge, they are afraid
2. Youth peace building: limited attention to social justice. Make youth in certain region more responsible of peace than in other regions. What is peace building? Who defines it?
3. Globally network youth: panic about terrorist groups, increase social media en censoring. It is ineffective, supporting evidence is limited.

Question 22

Globally networked youth

Answer 22

Panic over terrorist groups using internet and social media to radicalise and recruit young people worldwide –> monitoring and censorship –> inefficient –> involving youth in producing countermessaged –> Belangrijker: promote critical literacy and onrechtvaardigheden van instellingen aanpakken (bron van geweld)