Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuropharmacology > Week 2 - Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Week 2 - Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the positive symptoms of shizophrenia?

A

Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders (episodic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Chronic disturbances in motivation, experiences of pleasure, social interactions, spontaneous speech, mood expression, intellectual, memory, executive function, attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does sensorimotor gating mean?

A

Unable to respond appropriately to environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does theory of mind mean?

A

Inability to gauge the mental state of others - inappropriate social interaction, no empathy, enourages belief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What part of the brain has too much dopamine in schizophrenia?

A

Basal Ganglia (BA)
Nucleus Accumbens (NA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters in schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine
Serotonin
Glutamate
Gaba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?

A

Increased Dopamine in NA and decreased Dopamine in pre-frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the PFC/Dopamine Hypothesis

A

Hypofrontality
Decreased dopamine leads to negative and cognitive symptoms
Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the NA/Dopamine Hypothesis?

A

Increased dopamine leads to positive symptoms (psychoses and euphoria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What dopamine system is in the PFC?

A

Mesocortical dopamine - decreased
negative cognitive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What dopamine system in the NA?

A

Mesolimbic dopamine - increased
positive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What receptors are in the Mesolimbic dopamine system/NA?

A

Increased d2 receptors

Generally considered that enhances dopamine neurotransmission at D2 receptors produces positive symptoms of schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How did the first generation of anti-psychotics/neuroleptics work?

A

Antagonise D2 and D1 receptors - block/stop effect of dopamine in NA

High affinity due to the ability for drugs to bind to D2 receptors - reduce positive symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the limitations of the first generation of anti-psychotics/neuroleptics?

A

Antagonise both D2 and D1 receptors
D1 receptos are for movement
No effect on negative cognitive symptoms
30% ineffective - 20% re-lapse rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are D1 receptors important for?

A

Normal movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the nigrostriatal dopamine system?

A

Important for movement
Decreased dopamine in nigro area produces parkinsons symptoms

17
Q

What is pyramidal movement?

A

Primary motor cortex
Spinal cord and Muscle
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

18
Q

What is extrapyramidal movement?

A

SUBCONSCIOUS movement - walking, breathing etc
Nigrostriatal dopamine

19
Q

What serotonin receptor is involved in Schizophrenia?

A

5hT2A

Too many receptors in PFC can decrease dopamine - negative and cognitive effects

20
Q

What does serotonin do in schizophrenia?

A

Modulates the mesocorticlimbic dopamine system which encourages dopamine defecit in prefrontal cortex

21
Q

What does hyperactivity of 5HT2A receptors do?

A

Too much release on glutamate neuroins in the PFC stimulates activity which will drive them to Ventral Striatum (NA - positive symptoms)

22
Q

How do 2nd generation anti-psychotics work?

A

D2 Receptor antagonists (NA - positive symptoms)
5HT2A receptor antagonists (PFC - negative/cognitive symptoms)

23
Q

What does 5hT2A antagonism help with?

A

Negative/cognitive symtpoms of schizophrenia

24
Q

What is glutamate

A

An excitatory amino acid

25
Q

What are the main glutamate receptors

A

NMDA - unique - need to bind with glycine and glutamate - in the brain glycine facilitates activation of NMDA receptors
AMPA
Kainate

26
Q

What do NMDA glutamate receptors do?

A

Create EPSP
Allows positive charge to go through channels

27
Q

What is PCP

A

An antagonist at NMDA receptors - can induce psychosis in humans with one dose
Stops positive ions from entering the cell

28
Q

What does glutamate do in schizophrenia?

A

NMDA receptos are hyperactive in PFC which leads to less GABA activation of outgoing glutamate neurons, driving dopamine to be release in NA / VA

29
Q

What do novel antipsychotics do?

A

NMDA receptor modulators

Glycine - acts on glycine site to enhance NMDA receptor function - improves negative symptoms

D-Serine - full agonist on glycine site - improves negative symptoms, psychosis and cognition

30
Q

What is the GABA - A theory?

A

Activation of gaba a receptors reduces dopamine cell firing - gaba cell function is reduced in PFC

30
Q

What do antipsychotic treatments aim to do?

A

Reduce dopamine effect at D2 receptors

Reduce serotonin effect at 5Ht2 receptors

Increase glutamate neurotransmission (NMDA and AMPA receptors)

Stabilise dopamine neurons (Gabga a agonists)

31
Q
A

Neuropharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions