Week 2 (sampling & ethics)

Question 1

What is a population?

Answer 1

The entire collection of events in which we are interested

Eg. Reading ability of children with ADHD
Population is all children with ADHD

Question 2

What is a parameter?

Answer 2

Numerical values that summarise the population data

Eg. Mean, SD, correlation

Population parameters are usually unknown but can be estimated by Sample statistics

Question 3

What is a sample?

Answer 3

Set of actual observations the scores we have in hand

Question 4

What are statistics?

Answer 4

Numerical values used to summarise the sample data

Question 5

What is a tangible population?

Answer 5

Population whose members exist at the time of sampling

Members could have been participants in the study

Question 6

What is an abstract population?

Answer 6

Population whose members may not all exist at the time of sampling

Eg. 25-35 year old males. Males who are 35 in 2020 will be excluded from this population in 2021
And males who are 24 in 2020 will be included in 2021

Question 7

What is a probability sample? And the main types?

Answer 7

If a population that can be specified in advance and each member has some chance of being included it is a probability Sample

• simple random sample
• stratified random sample
• systematic samples
• cluster samples

Question 8

What is a simple random Sample

Answer 8

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

Random nature could result in the Sample not being representative of the population

Question 9

What is a stratified random Sample

Answer 9

Explicitly designed to ensure that the Sample is representative
Population divided into subgroups in the final Sample consists of the same proportions As those of the subgroups in the population

Question 10

What is a systematic sample?

Answer 10

Sample every nth individual

Which of the first n individuals is the starting point is determined randomly

Question 11

What is a cluster sample

Answer 11

Determine relevant clusters that exist in the population into find them such as schools classrooms suburbs or streets

Randomly select a predetermined number of clusters and collect data from every person in the cluster

This is useful when the intervention cannot practically be assigned to individuals

Question 12

What is a non probability sample? And the main kinds?

Answer 12

Some individuals in the population have 0 probability of being included

• purposive samples
• convenience samples
• quota samples
• snowball samples

Question 13

What is a purposive sample?

Answer 13

Population is initially defined but there is an inclusion and exclusion criteria

• satisfy inclusion needs are potential participants
• differ in systematic way to non included participants

Question 14

What are convenience samples?

Answer 14

Sample is drawn from an easily available group not the gen population

May or may not include inclusion/exclusion criteria

Question 15

What is a quota sample?

Answer 15

Sampling goal is to have a given proportion of individuals of certain characteristics these individuals are sought until the relevant proportions are achieved

This differs from a stratified Sample in that the research samples until relevant slots are filled and doesn’t specify in advance but they will come from

For example actively seeking out males if you don’t have enough and want to mention about gender differences

Question 16

What is a snowball sample?

Answer 16

Researcher identifies individuals with relevant characteristics and these individuals and then asked to recruit participants with similar characteristics

Example going to a mums group with the children with ADHD and asking them to recruit other parents of ADHD children they may know

Question 17

What are some sampling problems

Answer 17

Low response rate:
Results of study generalise to those characteristics similar to those of participants

Refusal to participate:
Results of study generalise to those with characteristics similar to those that participated

Attrition:
Problematic when there is differential attrition

Question 18

Explain the Nuremberg code?

Answer 18

It is a 10 point code developed which laid the ground work for many of the ethical standards that apply today

Item 1 requires voluntary participation in the right to know the nature of purpose and duration of the research

Items two and three suggest that frivolous research is unethical and the research must be scientifically sound

Items four to eight required that the research does not expose subject to potentially harmful practices

Items nine and 10 required that research may be terminated either by the participant at any time or by the researcher if it becomes obvious that harm may result is the procedure is not terminated

Question 19

What criteria does the APA require that all psychological research should meet

Answer 19

It should contribute to psychological science and human welfare

Be carried out with respect and concern for the dignity and welfare of participants

Obey state and federal laws and professional standards of conduct

Question 20

What are the six core values to be respected in research involving aboriginal and Torres straight Islanders

Answer 20

Spirit and integrity 
Cultural continuity 
Equity 
Reciprocity 
Respect
Responsibility

Question 21

What does spirit and integrity mean in relation to aboriginal and Torres straight islanders?

Answer 21

It is the core value that binds all of the other five values together

Spirit: ongoing connection and continuity between them and their past current and future generations

Integrity: respectful and honourable behaviours that hold their values and cultures together

Question 22

What does cultural continuity mean in relation to aboriginal and Torres straight Islander people?

Answer 22

Recognising the importance of the personal and collective bonds within their communities and the critical function of these bonds in their social lives

Question 23

What does equity mean in relation to aboriginal and Torres straight Islander people?

Answer 23

Equity is reflected by a commitment to showing fairness and justice that enables Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples’ culture, history and status to be appreciated and respected.

Question 24

What does reciprocity mean in relation to abort and Torres straight Islander people?

Answer 24

Reciprocity should enable agreements where all groups or people have equal rights and power in relationships, although in the context of research this often involves unequal power relationships. Reciprocity recognises all partners’ contributions, and ensures the benefits from research outcomes are equitable and of value for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and communities.

Question 25

What does respect mean in relation to aboriginal and Torres straight Islander people?

Answer 25

Respect is expressed as having regard for the welfare, rights, knowledge, skills, beliefs, perceptions, customs and cultural heritage (both individual and collective) of people involved in research

Question 26

What does responsibility mean in relation to aboriginal and Torres straight Islander people?

Answer 26

Central to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander societies and cultures is the recognition of core responsibilities. These responsibilities include caring for country, kinship bonds, caring for others and the maintenance of harmony and balance within and between the physical and spiritual realms.

Question 27

What does scientific misconduct include

Answer 27

Misleading statements
fabrication of data
suppression of findings