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LING 333 > Week 2 Readings > Flashcards

Week 2 Readings Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ways that language varies across social dimensions within a population?

A
  • age
  • gender
  • sexuality
  • ethnicity
  • level of education
  • regional background
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2
Q

What are the ways that language can vary according situational and conversational factors?

A
  • conversational topic
  • level of formality
  • style of speech
  • accommodation of interlocutors
  • idealogical factors
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3
Q

What is considered “good data” in a (socio)linguistic study?

A
  1. Language materials of sufficient type and quantity
  2. Materials take into account social context in which the language data is collected
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4
Q

How can linguists sample in a way that avoids biases in the data?

A
  1. Decide who to study (group/community)
  2. Collect “good data” (sufficient type and quality of language materials, takes into account social context)
  3. Decisions about who to sample will constrain the types of questions that can be answered
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5
Q

What are the 2 parts that minimally make up a sociolinguistic project/study?

A
  1. A (socio)linguistic problem
  2. Data that addresses the problem appropriately
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6
Q

What are the 2 parts that minimally make up a sociolinguistic project/study?

A
  1. A (socio)linguistic problem
  2. Data that addresses the problem appropriately
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7
Q

What are the 2 groups that all of the sampling methods can be categorized into?

A
  1. One that seeks a representative sample (“probability methods”)
  2. One that does NOT seek a representative sample (“non-probability methods”)
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8
Q

What is the main drawback of using non-probability sampling?

A

Can’t make statistical inferences about the population from which it’s drawn (ex. Case studies)

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9
Q

List the main types of sampling commonly used in linguistic research

A
  • convenience
  • random
  • stratified
  • ethnographic
  • network
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10
Q

Give a brief description of convenience sampling

A

Making use of a sample that is generated based on it being easily accessible

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11
Q

What is the most frequent subject pool used in convenience sampling?

A

Student volunteers

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12
Q

What are the drawbacks of convenience sampling?

A
  • limited generalizability due to exclusion of large proportion of total population
  • systematic biases
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13
Q

What are the drawbacks of convenience sampling?

A
  • limited generalizability due to exclusion of large proportion of total population
  • systematic biases
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14
Q

What are situations in which it is common to use convenience sampling?

A
  • pilot studies (allows researcher to survey the field before setting up more elaborate sample)
  • Experiments conducted in linguistic paradigms such as theoretical syntax/semantics/phonology which assume little interpersonal variation (or variations that is inconsequential to the the theoretical model) due to stable underlying representation across population
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15
Q

Briefly describe random sampling

A

Sampling in which every member of a group/community has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

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16
Q

Briefly describe random sampling

A

Sampling in which every member of a group/community has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

17
Q

What is a systematic sample?

A

A population size is divided by the desired sample size, then a representative fraction is sampled (ex. In population of 10,000 where sample size of 200 is intended, 1 out of every 50 people are interviewed

18
Q

What is a systematic sample?

A

A population size is divided by the desired sample size, then a representative fraction is sampled (ex. In population of 10,000 where sample size of 200 is intended, 1 out of every 50 people are interviewed

19
Q

What are the main benefits of random sampling?

A
  • can assert representativeness in a statistical sense, permitting extrapolation from the sample to the larger population
  • allows researcher to examine full spectrum of target population using only a sample
20
Q

What are the main benefits of random sampling?

A
  • can assert representativeness in a statistical sense, permitting extrapolation from the sample to the larger population
  • allows researcher to examine full spectrum of target population using only a sample
21
Q

What are the drawbacks of random sampling?

A
  • cost and effort can be prohibitive (ex. Travelling long distance just for single interview)
  • often done in labs, so travel required for participants
  • since interviewer and interviewee are strangers, there is bias toward more formal speech
22
Q

What are the drawbacks of random sampling?

A
  • cost and effort can be prohibitive (ex. Travelling long distance just for single interview)
  • often done in labs, so travel required for participants
  • since interviewer and interviewee are strangers, there is bias toward more formal speech
23
Q

When is random sampling most appropriate?

A
  • When the population is geographically concentrated or when travel is not needed to collect data
  • when the community is large and complex and naturally randomized (ex. Urban settings)
24
Q

When is random sampling most appropriate?

A
  • When the population is geographically concentrated or when travel is not needed to collect data
  • when the community is large and complex and naturally randomized (ex. Urban settings)
25
Q

Why is random sampling almost never random?

A

Subgroups of populations tend to be geographically or socially distributed in non-random ways

26
Q

How can random sampling lead to bias?

A
  • tends to result in more formal speech since interviewee doesn’t know interviewer
27
Q

Why do many linguists favour stratified over random sampling?

A

Because speech communities tend to consist of many varieties spoken by groups that contain very different numbers of individuals (results in redundancies for some groups and risks missing others entirely)

28
Q

Briefly describe stratified sampling

A

Since the sample needs to be representative for the purposes of the study, the researcher decides which stratifying variables matter in a population
- the types of speaker groups that the researcher wants to investigate are identified in advance (those that are hypothesized to correlate with linguistic variability) and samples are taken systematically from those groups

29
Q

What does the term “strata” refer to?

A
  • a mutually exclusive subgroup that population is divided into (ex. Age, gender, etc)
  • sampling is done within these subgroups/strata, making sure that all subgroups of a population are represented proportionately
30
Q

What is the aim of a sample taken from a strata?

A

To allow the possibility of making inferences about the population based on the sample (NOT necessarily to have a “miniature version” of the population)

31
Q

Which factors should be represented by stratified samples (at a minimum)

A
  • age
  • gender
  • social status
  • level of education
32
Q

How can unfamiliarity with a population lead to unhelpful stratification?

A

Many communities (especially less frequently studied, non-Western ones) have different social and linguistic divisions (ex. Kinship, religion, experience, urbanness)

33
Q

Why is ethnographic data collection the antithesis of random sampling?

A

Ethnographic data collection is not concerned with randomness, representativeness or generalizability

34
Q

What are “emic” and “etic” categories?

A

emic- social, cognitive, cultural, linguistic contrasts that are salient in a particular community
etic- extrinsic concepts and categories imposed by the researcher

35
Q

If the focus of other field work is to fill the sample, then what is the focus of ethnographic field work?

A

To determine what is worth sampling—discovering “participant-designed categories” that go beyond macrosocial divisions like age, gender, etc.

36
Q

How do ethnographic researchers go about their research?

A

“Hang out” in the community, living with population of interest and being a “participant observer”

37
Q

What are some advantages of ethnographic research?

A
  • first-hand observation of the attitudes, behaviours, mindsets, ideologies of the population, which can help with interpreting linguistic behaviour/practices
38
Q

What are the drawbacks of ethnographic research

A
  • Highest cost and effort of all methods
  • since data is so specific to local context, can’t be compared/contrasted/collated with other data sets
  • not generalizable

LING 333 (11 decks)

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