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LING 333 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 kinds of institutions that were established to provide oversight for ensuring ethical research?

A
  1. Research Ethics Board (REB)
  2. Institutional Review Boards (IRB)
    (Established 1970’s)
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2
Q

What was the purpose of creating the REB and IRB?

A

To make sure every research involving human participants follows some basic protocols

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3
Q

What is the name for the type of approval that Linguistics studies can seek that is faster (because it involves less risk to participants)?

A

A delegated review

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4
Q

What are the steps of the REB application approval process?

A

Presubmission—>Dept review (could require changes, then another review)—>REB Review (could require changes/provisions, then another review)—>Approval

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5
Q

Is it okay to intentionally conceal information from participants of a study so as not to affect the results of the study?

A

Can be done as long as there is a debriefing, typically right after data collection

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6
Q

What are the important components of a consent form?

A
  • background
  • description of task/procedure
  • voluntariness (freedom to withdraw)
  • Risks and benefits
  • compensation
  • protection of privacy/how the data will be used
    BDVRCP (Bears don’t voluntarily request compensation packages)
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7
Q

What are some ways a linguistics researcher can “give back” to their participants?

A
  • instant compensation (ex. Money)
  • help in revitalizing efforts of an endangered language
  • can leave trained people who can continue studying the language
  • make them co-author or collaborator
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8
Q

What are the different terms used to indicate the status of a “participant”?

A
  • informant
  • subject
  • participant
  • consultant
  • collaborator
  • co-author
    ISPCCC (internet service provider creates closed captioning)
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9
Q

In linguistics, what are the different aspects that may require ethical considerations?

A
  • how consents obtained (was it informed?)
  • what type of data are collected (need to make sure it doesn’t make the person identifiable)
  • how are the collected data used? (Would you sell it to someone?)
  • how is privacy of sensitive information ensured? (Would you remove or anonymize identifiable info?)
  • what/how to give back to participants
    CTUPC- Consent, Type of data, Use for data, Privacy, Consent/giving back
    (Consent To Use Personal Computer)
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10
Q

What is the name of the document that must be submitted if there are changes in a research study after initial approval?

A

Post Approval Activity (PAA)

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11
Q

Name of the platform used for all UBC ethics applications?

A

RISe (Research Information Systems)

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12
Q

What are some situations where research is exempt from needing REB review?

A
  • Info obtained from an OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVE of an organization as part of their regular duties (eg. COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER), no personal opinions solicited
  • relies exclusively on information that is PUBLICLY AVAILABLE or in public domain and individuals to whom info applies have NO EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY
  • research involves observation of people in PUBLIC PLACES where there is NO INTERVENTION staged by researcher, there is NO EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY and dissemination of researcher results DOESN’T IDENTIFY SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS
  • relies on SECONDARY use of ANONYMOUS info or biological materials
  • quality assurance, quality improvement studies, program evaluation, performance reviews
  • creative practice activities
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13
Q

What is sampling?

A

selecting a subset of data points from a bigger set of data

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14
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Every individual in a population has the same probability of being sampled

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15
Q

What are the advantages of random sampling?

A
  • best chance of ensuring a representative sample and removing bias
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of random sampling?

A
  • true random sampling requires good sampling frame
  • costly to implement
17
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A
  • a list of all members of a population
18
Q

What is the name for a list of all the members of a population that can be used for random sampling?

A

Sampling frame

19
Q

What is stratified random sampling? Give an example

A
  • population divided into strata, random sample taken from within each category/strata
  • ex. speakers of a particular dialect are divided by gender and age and random sample taken from within each category ex. Young males, old females
20
Q

What is cluster sampling?

A
  • population divided by naturally occurring groups of subjects (ex. Elementary teachers at one school are a cluster)
  • SOME clusters are randomly sampled from
  • data collected from each member of selected cluster
    Ex. Each high school in district is one cluster—PM, FPSS, North Surrey are all randomly selected and data collected from every teacher at those schools
21
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A
  • participants picked according to a predetermined rule
    Ex. Every 3rd person
22
Q

What is 2-stage sampling?

A
  • a method of sampling is chosen within another method
    Ex. Random sampling within a cluster
23
Q

What are the probability methods of sampling?

A
  • random
  • systematic
  • cluster
  • stratified random
24
Q

What are the non-probability methods of sampling?

A
  • convenience
  • voluntary
  • purposive
  • snowball
25
Q

What are the advantages of convenience sampling?

A
  • quick and easy (based on proximity, accessibility)
26
Q

What are the limitations of convenience sampling?

A
  • can introduce unknown bias
  • limited ability to generalize (ex. Only using students at UBC)
27
Q

Why is convenience sampling often considered acceptable to use in linguistics?

A
  • little variability in language (stable, takes a long time to change, those who live in same community often use language very similarly…not hard to get a representative sample with few participants)
28
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A
  • sample that the researcher thinks will give the most useful data for the purpose of the research
  • participants must meet pre-defined characteristics
29
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A
  • result of networking: researcher recruits new participants based on recommendations of other participants
30
Q

What is the other name for snowball sampling?

A

Chain-referral sampling

31
Q

What is a disadvantage of snowball sampling?

A
  • potential for sampling bias, potentially collecting data from only a small group, not representative
32
Q

What is an ethnographic approach most useful for?

A

Discovering linguistic traits that other methods are unable to identify (ie. unique characteristics that aren’t discoverable apart from observations over time)

33
Q

In what field of linguistics is convenience sampling often used?

A

Theoretical

34
Q

What kind of sampling does dialectology often use?

A

Grid sampling

35
Q

What is grid sampling?

A
  • divide area into grids/blocks, select same number of participants from each
36
Q

What kinds of sampling are usually used by variationist sociolinguistics?

A
  • some random sampling
  • more often, stratified random sampling
  • ethnography for targeted interest in small communities
37
Q

What kind of sampling is used in phonetics and sociophonetics?

A
  • convenience sampling
  • corpus methods (especially helpful for longitudinal studies) (ex. Using data from CHILDES)
38
Q

Why is it often considered acceptable to have a smaller sample size in linguistics studies?

A
  • there is a greater work load per each individual when it comes to recording, transcribing, etc—impractical to consider 1000 speakers for experiment
  • unlike linguistics studies, social sciences often use secondary data, less post-processing
  • more observations can be made per speaker (social sciences often collect one observation per speaker, but linguists collect large amount of data from few speakers)

LING 333 (11 decks)

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