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LING 333 > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the F4 sometimes used/required?

A

Normalization (used in some techniques where differences between upper and lower formants are looked at)

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2
Q

Acoustic characteristics that are useful when looking at stop sounds

A
  • closure duration
  • prevoicing and aspiration (VOT)
  • formant transition
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3
Q

Two basic steps of making stop sounds

A
  1. Make complete closure of the airflow while the velar port remains closed
  2. Air pressure behind closure grows, release the stop
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4
Q

What are 2 additional gestures that can help produce different types of stops?

A
  • vocal fold vibrations
  • wide-open vocal folds
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5
Q

Look at diagram of stop articulation (slide 9)

A
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6
Q

What do stops look like in a speech signal?

A
  • closure seen as silence on waveform and spectrogram
  • closure duration followed by a burst when closure released
  • on spectrogram, clear line after silence, before burst
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7
Q

Why can’t you compare the amount of darkness on a spectrogram (absolute amplitude)?

A

Amplitude of signal can vary wildly depending on recording setup, how close microphone is to mouth, how loudly you speak, etc
(Could in some cases measure relative to other sounds in same signal)

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8
Q

What is VOT on a waveform?

A
  • Voice Onset Time: gap between burst from stop and the vowel sound
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9
Q

What kinds of sounds is VOT used for?

A

Only stop consonants

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10
Q

How are aspirated stops different on a waveform from unaspirated stops?

A

Longer VOT
- vocal folds pushed apart forcefully between sounds (lots of air in short amount of time)

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11
Q

What are the approximate VOT’s of aspirated vs unaspirated stops?

A

70-100 ms aspirated
10- 30ms unaspirated

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12
Q

What feature of a stop cannot be reliably measured in word-initial stop sounds

A

Closure duration (because there’s nothing before it)

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13
Q

What is the best position for a sound when measuring VOT?

A

Word-initial or at least syllable-initial position

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14
Q

Know the position you would want stop sounds to be in for each of the 3 stop cues

A

Closure duration: word medial
VOT: word-initial
Formant Transition: word-initial or word-medial

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15
Q

What is the best position for measuring a stop sound’s closure duration?

A

Word-medial (best) or possibly word-final, but then you can’t identify aspiration at the end of a word

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16
Q

What is a voice bar?

A

Voiced part of stop on a spectrogram or waveform (only on voiced stops)
- AKA “prevoicing”
- used to differentiate voiced from voiceless, or to show contrast in voicing
IOW, look for voice bar to know if stop sound is voiced or not…usually more apparent on waveform than spectrogram

17
Q

Between voiced and voiceless stops, which one has a negative versus positive VOT and why?

A

Voiceless= positive VOT because the voicing starts after the burst
Voiced- negative VOT because voicing begins before burst

18
Q

How can formant transitions provide cues to place of articulation?

A
  • bilabial stops would lower all formants
  • dentals would raise F2
  • velars would bring F2 and F3 towards each other (“velar pinch”)
    *NB- there are no formants in stop sounds, but we look at the neighbouring sound (usually vowels)
19
Q

What kind of stop sound does VOT theory not work for?

A
  • stops where closure is followed by aspiration or breathy voice
20
Q

When can VOT not be measured?

A

In word-final position

21
Q

Is VOT longer in aspirated or unaspirated stops?

A

Longer in aspirated stops

22
Q

What is the name for the irregular oscillation that occurs during VOT?

A

Frication noise, transient

23
Q

What is the voice bar/prevoicing useful for?

A

Distinguishing between voiced and voiceless consonant sounds (voiced have voice bar)

24
Q

What are the goals of vowel normalization?

A
  • eliminate physiological variation caused by mouth size
  • preserve sociolinguistic differences in vowel quality
  • preserve phonological distinctions among vowels
  • model cognitive processes in vowel normalization
25
Q

What are the main vowel normalization techniques?

A
  • vowel-intrinsic methods
  • vowel-extrinsic methods
  • speaker-intrinsic
  • speaker-extrinsic
26
Q

Describe a vowel-intrinsic method of vowel normalization

A
  • use information from a single vowel token (ex. F1, F2)
    Ex. Formant frequency adjustments: adjusting formant values based on average values for similar speakers
    VIFFA- Vowel Intrinsic- Formant Frequency Adjustments
27
Q

Describe vowel-extrinsic methods of vowel normalization and how they’re different from speaker intrinsic methods

A
  • compare formant values across different vowels by the same individual
  • speaker-intrinsic looks at the properties of the individual vowels themselves that a speaker produces (doesn’t compare the vowels)
    Ex. Grand Mean Normalization: normalizing vowels using a grand mean calculated from all vowels spoken by the individual
    (Grandma Might Not Vote Electronically—grand mean normalization—>vowel-extrinsic)
28
Q

What is a speaker-intrinsic method of normalization?

A

Normalize based on data from a single speaker’s vowels
Ex. Individual Speaker Baseline: establishing a baseline for formant frequencies specific to an individual speaker

29
Q

What is a speaker-extrinsic method of normalization?

A

Utilize data from multiple speakers
Ex. Mean Adjustment Method: normalizing using mean values derived from a group of speakers

30
Q

What is a formant frequency adjustment and what kind of normalization is it used for?

A

Adjusting the formant values based on averages from similar speakers
Used for vowel-intrinsic method

31
Q

What is a Grand Mean Normalization and what kind of normalization is it used for?

A

Normalizing vowels using a grand mean calculated from all vowels spoken by the individual
Used with vowel-extrinsic method
- looks at relationships between one speakers’ vowels

32
Q

What is an example of a speaker-intrinsic method?

A

Individual speaker baseline: establishing a baseline for formant frequencies specific to an individual speaker

33
Q

What is an example of a speaker-extrinsic method of normalization?

A

Mean Adjustment Method- normalizing using mean values derived from a group of speakers
MAMSE or SEMAM= Mean Adjustment Method—>Speaker Extrinsic

34
Q

What is vowel normalization?

A

Techniques developed to address physiological differences in speakers (ex. mouth size) that affect formant resonances
- aims to make vowel comparison consistent and reliable—accounting for differences in physiology and dialects
*essential for meaningful linguistic and sociolinguistic comparisons

LING 333 (11 decks)

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