Week 2 Part 2

Question 1

Genes

Answer 1

hereditary, the amount of variation of a trait that is due to genes

Question 2

Shared Environment

Answer 2

factors that make siblings residing in the same family similar

Question 3

Nonshared environment

Answer 3

factors that make siblings residing in the same family different
-peers are a powerful example

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

the genes a person has; actual genetic makeup

Question 5

Phenotype

Answer 5

the traits that actually result, final apperence

Question 6

Reaction range

Answer 6

the potential range of phenotypes a child might have depending on gene by environmental interactions

Question 7

Teratogens:

Answer 7

environmental factors that cause abnormal fetal development
-substances: alcohol, cigrettes, nicotine
-Diseases: rubella, malaria, zika

Question 8

Low birth weight

Answer 8

-important risk factor
-most reliable predictor of infant survival and healthy development

Question 9

Good environemtnal influences

Answer 9

folic acid: reduces neural tube defects
DHA: contributes to fetal brain structures

Question 10

What does stability or plasticity mean?

Answer 10

-to what extent do personality traits remain stable from childhood to adulthood?
-can early experiences shape a person’s development throughout their life?

Question 11

Cognitive risk factors and protective factors

Answer 11

R: low intelligene, learning disability
P: high intelligence, good working memory

Question 12

Socioemotional risk and protective

Answer 12

R: aggression
P: social competence

Question 13

Family risk and protective

Answer 13

R: harsh parenting; parental depression; poverty
P: warm nurturing, two parent family, extended family nearby

Question 14

Community risk and protective

Answer 14

R: neighborhood violence, school poverty level
P: religious involvement; extracurricular activities

Question 15

Neural plasticity

Answer 15

writing and reorganization continues to change throughout the lifespan

Question 16

Synaptogensis

Answer 16

formation of connections between neurons, explodes the period after birth

Question 17

Pruning

Answer 17

the loss of synapses, thought to be an important development step for proper brain function

Question 18

Experience-expectant

Answer 18

brain expects some type of inputs

Question 19

What are 4 factors that affect the ability of the brain to change

Answer 19

-age matters
- attachment affects the developing brain
- stress affects the developing brain
-stimulating environments promote brain development

Question 20

An infants growth follows what kind of pattern?

Answer 20

-cephalocaudal pattern meaning growth starts at the head and proceeds outward
-proximal-distal pattern meaning development begins in the center and proceeds outward

Question 21

Starting at age 2 children grow how many inches a year and gain how many pounds

Answer 21

2-4 inches and 6 to 7 pounds

Question 22

Gross motor skills involve what

Answer 22

large muscle movements
-manual exploration (beings before birth)
-Goal directed reaching (4 months)
-Crawling ( 6 to 10 months) provides info about the world
-Walking (10-14 months)

Question 23

Preschool development

Answer 23

improved strength and coordination improve
3: run, jump, throw a ball
5: children can do more complex tasks like biking, jumping rope

Question 24

Fine motor skills

Answer 24

involve small body movements

Question 25

Fine motor skills development seqeunce

Answer 25

-grasp and hold objects at 5 months
-Pincer grasp by 12 mnths
-turn knobs and faucets (2)
-manipulate buttons and zippers. write (5)
-skills similar to adults (10-12)

Question 26

Puberty

Answer 26

process of physical changes that make a person capable of reproduction

Question 27

What are some factors that contribute to adolescent moodiness

Answer 27

-school transitions
-hormonal changes
-the adolescent’s social setting
-greater need for autonomy

Answer 28

feel worse about themselves
high depression, anxiety and EDs
more popular with peers
involved in deviant activites

Question 29

Early maturing in boys impacts

Answer 29

feel better about themselves
more popular with peers
more negative effects when victimized
involved in deviant activites