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*Neurological Physiotherapy > Week 2- Motor Control, Motor Learning and Movement Re-Education > Flashcards

Week 2- Motor Control, Motor Learning and Movement Re-Education Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor control?

A

The systematic transmission of nerve impulses from the motor cortex to motor units, resulting in coordinated contractions of muscles

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2
Q

What is the basis for predicting and evaluating motor responses?

A
  • Problem identification
  • treatment planning
  • treatment effectiveness
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3
Q

What are the three levels within the nervous system which produce reflective, automatic, adaptive and voluntary movements and the performance of efficient, coordinated and goal directed movement patterns?

A
  • input
  • central processing
  • output
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4
Q

What is motor program?

A

Learned behaviour pattern

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5
Q

How does the motor program work?

A
  • neural network that can produce rhythmic output patterns
  • can occur with or without sensory input or central control
  • define:
  • specific muscles required
  • order of muscle activation
  • force, timing, sequence and duration of contractions
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6
Q

What is the central pattern generator?

A

Genetically predetermined movement pattern.

  • neural network that can produce rhythmic pattern outputs that can resemble normal movement
  • occur without sensory feedback or descending motor inputs
  • results in repetition of movements in rhythmic manner
  • system returns to starting condition when process eases
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7
Q

What movement plans contribute to the development, refinement, production and recovery of motor control?

A

Motor program and central pattern generator

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8
Q

Describe movement plans after a neurological injury

A

New, modified or substitute motor plans can be generated to accomplish goal directed behaviours, remain adaptable to changing environments and produce variable movement patterns

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9
Q

What is the process of motor control

A
  1. Sensation (sensory input)
  2. Perception (integration)
  3. Movement plan (integration)
  4. Coordination (integration)
  5. Executions (motor output)
  6. Adaptation (sensory feedback)
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10
Q

Explain the body’s process involved in balance

A
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11
Q

What are the actions and body structures involved in sensation?

A

Actions:
-acquires sensory information and feedback from exterorecptors and proprioceptors

Body structures involved
-peripheral afferent neurons, brainstem, thalamus, sensory receiving areas in the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

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12
Q

What are the actions and body structures involved in perception ?

A

Action
- combine , compare and filter sensory inputs

Body structures
- brain stem, thalamus, sensory association areas in the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

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13
Q

What are the actions and body structures involved in movement plan selection?

A

Action:
-use the perceptual map to access appropriate motor plan

Body structures:
- association areas, frontal lobe, basal ganglia

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14
Q

What are the actions and body structures involved in coordination ?

A

Action
-determine plan detail eg timing and force

Body structures
-frontal lobe, basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus

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15
Q

What are the actions and body structures involved in execution ?

A

Action
-execute motor plan

Body structures
-corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, brainstem motor nuclei, alpha and gamma motor neurons

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16
Q

What are the actions and body structures involved in adaption ?

A

Action
-compare movement with motor plan and adjust plan during performance

Body structures
-spinal neural networks and cerebellum

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17
Q

In the motor plan selection (voluntary movement control), how does this develop?

A
  • movement plans developed and refined over a lifetime
  • variability is necessary
  • movement pattern selected is based on: body perception, environment perception and goal of movement
  • repeated performance of motor plan creates a preference
  • selected plans are customised by the CNS
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18
Q

The co-ordination of the movement plan is determined by what parts of the nervous system?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • cerebellum
  • basal ganglia
  • thalamus
  • brainstem
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19
Q

Which area executes the completed plan?

A

Primary motor area in the pre central gyrus (frontal lobe)

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20
Q

In specific movement plans, when co-ordinating postural tone, coactivation and timing of trunk muscles leads to?

A

Proximal stability, balance and postural control

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21
Q

In specific movement plans, when co-ordinating force, timing and tone of limb synergies leads to?

A

Smooth, coordinated movements that accurate in trajectory and sequence

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22
Q

In specific movement plans, when co-ordinating of balance between agonist and antagonist muscles leads to?

A

Precise and skilled fine distal movements

23
Q

What are the roles of the cerebellum in motor control?

A
  • entirely motor
  • main roles:
    - “instructions fro frequently repeated movements stored as procedural memory traces
    - maintain posture and balance
    - coordinate movements before execution And during performance
24
Q

What are the 4 key processing roles of the cerebellum?

A
  1. Feedforward processing: signals received and processed sequentially
    - quick and concise response to any combination of inputs
  2. Divergence and convergence: modest number of inputs- processed extensively- limited number of outputs
    - Extensive integration of input, refines and targeted output
  3. Modularity: functioning independent modules, each with different inputs and outputs
    - Functional areas of the cerebellum not independent
  4. Plasticity: influence of input and strength of it put is adjustable
    - Greater flexibility in adjusting and fine tuning the relationship between input and outputs
25
Q

What is the key roles of the basal ganglia in motor control?

A
  • deciding which motor plan to execute

- linked to the limbic system which leads to reward learning

26
Q

What are the primary concerns with control of movement with the basal ganglia?

A
  • eye movements

- regulation of postural control as the basis for body positions

27
Q

What is the basal ganglia involved in?

A

Cognitive and emotional function

28
Q

Which descending system is concerned with voluntary movement?

A

Pyramidal

29
Q

Axons from the sensory motor cortex descend in the pyramidal tract and end in the cranial motor nuclei and anterior horn of the spinal cord as which tracts?

A

Cranial motor nuclei- corticobulbar tract

Spinal cord- corticospinal tract

30
Q

What is the difference between the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract, in terms of where they specifically originate and project? How does this differentiate their function?

A

Corticobulbar: originates inferior sensory motor cortex, communicates with the brainstem motor nuclei, primarily facial functions plus voluntary eye movement and shoulder elevations

Corticospinal: originates superior and middle sensory motor cortex, communicates with the motor neurones in the spinal cord, limb and trunk function

31
Q

What is the function of the corticobulbar tract?

A
  • muscles of the facial expression
  • mouth and tongue (speaking, eating)
  • larynx and pharynx (voice, swallow)
  • voluntary eye movements (visual tracing, saccades, vergence)
  • upper traps (shoulder elevation)
32
Q

What are the functions of the corticospinal tract?

A
  • anterior (ventral): proximal muscles (trunk and limb girdle stabilisation, allowing for limb movements)
  • lateral: arm and leg muscle activation in coordinated synergy movements
33
Q

In the execution of movement what voluntary moments are proceeded by involuntary moments?

A
  • postural tone and anticipatory muscle activity
  • vestibulospinal, recticolspinal and rubrospinal tracts
  • tonic firing rates, modulated, depending on gravity, limbic system activity, external perturbations or other neural activity
34
Q

What is the role of sensory information, regarding sensation and perception?

A

Perceptual information used to create internal representation of the body and select a movement plan. Driven by motivation and the desire to meet the goal of the outcome.

Done through the use of receptors, transmission and perception

35
Q

What is the role of sensory information in regards to adaptation?

A

Sensory feedback during the task or following task completion and for future performance is essential for learning.

Sensory feedback to the CNS to allow 3 key:

  1. modify the movement plan during the performance
  2. know wether the goal is achieved
  3. store information for future performance
36
Q

What are examples of errors in motor control?

A
  • sensory conflict of impairment
  • errors in sensory perception
  • errors in motor plan selection (basal ganglia)
  • inappropriate coordination
  • disrupted execution (eg getting tackled)
37
Q

What is the difference between motor performance and motor learning?

A

Motor performance: involves the acquisition of the ability to carry out a motor skill

Motor learning: involves the acquisition and relatively permanent retention of a skilled movement or task through practice

38
Q

To be considered to have learned a skill, a patient must be able to prepare and conduct a movement that is:

A
  1. Efficient
  2. Constant
  3. Transferable

Note: expressed in explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) memory

39
Q

What are types of motor tasks?

A
  1. Discrete: task involving a movement with a beginning and end
  2. Serial: a series of discrete movements combined in a sequence
  3. Continuous: repetitive, non interrupted movement with no distinct beginning or end
40
Q

What are the stages of motor learning

A
41
Q

What are the 3 variables that effect motor learning?

A
  • individual (cognitive factors, limbic factors and physical factors)
  • environment (open/ closed)
  • task (practice conditions and feedback)
42
Q

What are the task variables?

A
43
Q

Task variables: massed vs distributed

A 
Massed= rest< practice 
Distributed= rest>/= practice

Consider physical and cognitive fatigue, functional transfer, stage of learning (and recovery)

44
Q

Task variables: whole vs part practice

A

Whole: do whole task in sequence
Part: separate task components
Adapted: whole task with assistance (external) during difficult components

Consider task type and complexity, and stage of learning

Common to do whole-part-whole

45
Q

Task variables: block vs random

A

Block: task repeated under same conditions, same predicted order
Random: unpredicted order and slight task variation

Consider stage of learning, and practice goal. Block enhances performance while random inhances learning. Random/block is common

46
Q

Task variables: physical vs mental practice

A

Physical: movement performed
Mental: cognitive rehearsal

Consider physical fatigue, motivation and task complexity. Mental plus physical practice leads to faster skill acquisition

47
Q

What are the types feedback of motor learning?

A

-intrinsic: internal feedback from sensory systems

  • extrinsic (augmented): supplemental to intrinsic, feedback provided by therapist with intent ti improve learning; therapist controls type, timing and frequency
  • knowledge of performance (KP): concurrent feedback
  • knowledge of results (KR): terminal feedback
48
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brains ability to change, remodel and reorganise for the purpose of better ability to adapt to a new situation

49
Q

What influences neuroplasticy?

A
  • Characteristics of the lesion
  • Pre injury factors
  • Post injury factors
  • Acute intervention/ rehabilitation:
  • pharmacotherapy
  • rehabilitation environment ]
  • cell based therapy
  • electrical stimulation
  • diet
50
Q

What are the principles of neuro plasticity?

A
51
Q

Describe neuroplasticity and rehabilitation

A
52
Q

What is movement analysis?

A

Systematic study of the movement produced during human action using skilled observational assessment, augmented by instruments that measure key aspects of performance

53
Q

What are the typical phases of rolling and getting out of bed?

A
  • significant variation between individuals

- movement occurs in four body segments- head, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs , in sequence, usually with momentum

*Neurological Physiotherapy (6 decks)

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