Week 2- Motor Control, Motor Learning and Movement Re-Education Flashcards
What is motor control?
The systematic transmission of nerve impulses from the motor cortex to motor units, resulting in coordinated contractions of muscles
What is the basis for predicting and evaluating motor responses?
- Problem identification
- treatment planning
- treatment effectiveness
What are the three levels within the nervous system which produce reflective, automatic, adaptive and voluntary movements and the performance of efficient, coordinated and goal directed movement patterns?
- input
- central processing
- output
What is motor program?
Learned behaviour pattern
How does the motor program work?
- neural network that can produce rhythmic output patterns
- can occur with or without sensory input or central control
- define:
- specific muscles required
- order of muscle activation
- force, timing, sequence and duration of contractions
What is the central pattern generator?
Genetically predetermined movement pattern.
- neural network that can produce rhythmic pattern outputs that can resemble normal movement
- occur without sensory feedback or descending motor inputs
- results in repetition of movements in rhythmic manner
- system returns to starting condition when process eases
What movement plans contribute to the development, refinement, production and recovery of motor control?
Motor program and central pattern generator
Describe movement plans after a neurological injury
New, modified or substitute motor plans can be generated to accomplish goal directed behaviours, remain adaptable to changing environments and produce variable movement patterns
What is the process of motor control
- Sensation (sensory input)
- Perception (integration)
- Movement plan (integration)
- Coordination (integration)
- Executions (motor output)
- Adaptation (sensory feedback)
Explain the body’s process involved in balance
What are the actions and body structures involved in sensation?
Actions:
-acquires sensory information and feedback from exterorecptors and proprioceptors
Body structures involved
-peripheral afferent neurons, brainstem, thalamus, sensory receiving areas in the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
What are the actions and body structures involved in perception ?
Action
- combine , compare and filter sensory inputs
Body structures
- brain stem, thalamus, sensory association areas in the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
What are the actions and body structures involved in movement plan selection?
Action:
-use the perceptual map to access appropriate motor plan
Body structures:
- association areas, frontal lobe, basal ganglia
What are the actions and body structures involved in coordination ?
Action
-determine plan detail eg timing and force
Body structures
-frontal lobe, basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus
What are the actions and body structures involved in execution ?
Action
-execute motor plan
Body structures
-corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, brainstem motor nuclei, alpha and gamma motor neurons
What are the actions and body structures involved in adaption ?
Action
-compare movement with motor plan and adjust plan during performance
Body structures
-spinal neural networks and cerebellum
In the motor plan selection (voluntary movement control), how does this develop?
- movement plans developed and refined over a lifetime
- variability is necessary
- movement pattern selected is based on: body perception, environment perception and goal of movement
- repeated performance of motor plan creates a preference
- selected plans are customised by the CNS
The co-ordination of the movement plan is determined by what parts of the nervous system?
- frontal lobe
- cerebellum
- basal ganglia
- thalamus
- brainstem
Which area executes the completed plan?
Primary motor area in the pre central gyrus (frontal lobe)
In specific movement plans, when co-ordinating postural tone, coactivation and timing of trunk muscles leads to?
Proximal stability, balance and postural control
In specific movement plans, when co-ordinating force, timing and tone of limb synergies leads to?
Smooth, coordinated movements that accurate in trajectory and sequence
In specific movement plans, when co-ordinating of balance between agonist and antagonist muscles leads to?
Precise and skilled fine distal movements
What are the roles of the cerebellum in motor control?
- entirely motor
- main roles:
- “instructions fro frequently repeated movements stored as procedural memory traces
- maintain posture and balance
- coordinate movements before execution And during performance
What are the 4 key processing roles of the cerebellum?
- Feedforward processing: signals received and processed sequentially
- quick and concise response to any combination of inputs - Divergence and convergence: modest number of inputs- processed extensively- limited number of outputs
- Extensive integration of input, refines and targeted output - Modularity: functioning independent modules, each with different inputs and outputs
- Functional areas of the cerebellum not independent - Plasticity: influence of input and strength of it put is adjustable
- Greater flexibility in adjusting and fine tuning the relationship between input and outputs
What is the key roles of the basal ganglia in motor control?
- deciding which motor plan to execute
- linked to the limbic system which leads to reward learning
What are the primary concerns with control of movement with the basal ganglia?
- eye movements
- regulation of postural control as the basis for body positions
What is the basal ganglia involved in?
Cognitive and emotional function
Which descending system is concerned with voluntary movement?
Pyramidal
Axons from the sensory motor cortex descend in the pyramidal tract and end in the cranial motor nuclei and anterior horn of the spinal cord as which tracts?
Cranial motor nuclei- corticobulbar tract
Spinal cord- corticospinal tract
What is the difference between the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract, in terms of where they specifically originate and project? How does this differentiate their function?
Corticobulbar: originates inferior sensory motor cortex, communicates with the brainstem motor nuclei, primarily facial functions plus voluntary eye movement and shoulder elevations
Corticospinal: originates superior and middle sensory motor cortex, communicates with the motor neurones in the spinal cord, limb and trunk function
What is the function of the corticobulbar tract?
- muscles of the facial expression
- mouth and tongue (speaking, eating)
- larynx and pharynx (voice, swallow)
- voluntary eye movements (visual tracing, saccades, vergence)
- upper traps (shoulder elevation)
What are the functions of the corticospinal tract?
- anterior (ventral): proximal muscles (trunk and limb girdle stabilisation, allowing for limb movements)
- lateral: arm and leg muscle activation in coordinated synergy movements
In the execution of movement what voluntary moments are proceeded by involuntary moments?
- postural tone and anticipatory muscle activity
- vestibulospinal, recticolspinal and rubrospinal tracts
- tonic firing rates, modulated, depending on gravity, limbic system activity, external perturbations or other neural activity
What is the role of sensory information, regarding sensation and perception?
Perceptual information used to create internal representation of the body and select a movement plan. Driven by motivation and the desire to meet the goal of the outcome.
Done through the use of receptors, transmission and perception
What is the role of sensory information in regards to adaptation?
Sensory feedback during the task or following task completion and for future performance is essential for learning.
Sensory feedback to the CNS to allow 3 key:
- modify the movement plan during the performance
- know wether the goal is achieved
- store information for future performance
What are examples of errors in motor control?
- sensory conflict of impairment
- errors in sensory perception
- errors in motor plan selection (basal ganglia)
- inappropriate coordination
- disrupted execution (eg getting tackled)
What is the difference between motor performance and motor learning?
Motor performance: involves the acquisition of the ability to carry out a motor skill
Motor learning: involves the acquisition and relatively permanent retention of a skilled movement or task through practice
To be considered to have learned a skill, a patient must be able to prepare and conduct a movement that is:
- Efficient
- Constant
- Transferable
Note: expressed in explicit (declarative) and implicit (procedural) memory
What are types of motor tasks?
- Discrete: task involving a movement with a beginning and end
- Serial: a series of discrete movements combined in a sequence
- Continuous: repetitive, non interrupted movement with no distinct beginning or end
What are the stages of motor learning
What are the 3 variables that effect motor learning?
- individual (cognitive factors, limbic factors and physical factors)
- environment (open/ closed)
- task (practice conditions and feedback)
What are the task variables?
Task variables: massed vs distributed
Massed= rest< practice Distributed= rest>/= practice
Consider physical and cognitive fatigue, functional transfer, stage of learning (and recovery)
Task variables: whole vs part practice
Whole: do whole task in sequence
Part: separate task components
Adapted: whole task with assistance (external) during difficult components
Consider task type and complexity, and stage of learning
Common to do whole-part-whole
Task variables: block vs random
Block: task repeated under same conditions, same predicted order
Random: unpredicted order and slight task variation
Consider stage of learning, and practice goal. Block enhances performance while random inhances learning. Random/block is common
Task variables: physical vs mental practice
Physical: movement performed
Mental: cognitive rehearsal
Consider physical fatigue, motivation and task complexity. Mental plus physical practice leads to faster skill acquisition
What are the types feedback of motor learning?
-intrinsic: internal feedback from sensory systems
- extrinsic (augmented): supplemental to intrinsic, feedback provided by therapist with intent ti improve learning; therapist controls type, timing and frequency
- knowledge of performance (KP): concurrent feedback
- knowledge of results (KR): terminal feedback
What is neuroplasticity?
The brains ability to change, remodel and reorganise for the purpose of better ability to adapt to a new situation
What influences neuroplasticy?
- Characteristics of the lesion
- Pre injury factors
- Post injury factors
- Acute intervention/ rehabilitation:
- pharmacotherapy
- rehabilitation environment ]
- cell based therapy
- electrical stimulation
- diet
What are the principles of neuro plasticity?
Describe neuroplasticity and rehabilitation
What is movement analysis?
Systematic study of the movement produced during human action using skilled observational assessment, augmented by instruments that measure key aspects of performance
What are the typical phases of rolling and getting out of bed?
- significant variation between individuals
- movement occurs in four body segments- head, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs , in sequence, usually with momentum
