Week 2: Models of Misuse Flashcards
Models of Misuse
Models of Dependence
C DDD EFG OPP SSS TTM
- Conditioning
- Disease
- Depression, Mood, & Feelings
- Develpmental-Genetic Model
- Existential Theories
- Family Model
- Genetic Model
- Other Theories
- Personality & Substance Abuse
- Psychoanalytic Models
- Self-Medication
- Social Learning Theory
- Sociocultural Models
- Tension Reduction Theory
- Trauma Model
- Mood / Depression
Conditioning
First use of drug is very memorable and the more positive it is, the more likely addiction will ensue
- Chasing the dragon - trying to recapture that 1st high
- Euphoric recall – remember the good, forget the bad
Depression, Mood, and Feelings
- Disturbances in mood, feelings, & depression are common causes of addiction, especial in women
- Self-medicate for negative affect states can spiral to isolation pattern
- exacerbates the affective disorder
- can lead to social phobia
Hopelessness and Pessimism Contribute
-
Hopelessness: gives up, stops trying to grow, achieve, & develop
- many addicts describe parents as pessimists
-
Pessimism: all is hostile; fear & defense vs. world, expect hurt
- contributes to addiction, detrimental to recovery
- have trouble attaining a good sense of self
Developmental-Genetic Model
Devor (1994): comprehensive perspective
- Substance Abuse complex & varied disorder resulting from dynamic interaction of genetic & environmental factors over course of development
- High incidence of COOC reported in DSM-5 with almost all psychological disorders suggests causal overlap (underlying genetic predispositions or environmental pressures.
- SUD result of unique interaction between primary genetic risk factors, secondary genetic risk factors, tertiary genetic factors, and external environmental factors
- Leads to epigenetic changes in gene-expression and change in temperament
- Ex. Biopsychosocial perspective
Disease Model
- AMA (1957): declared alcoholism a disease based on 3 factors:
- Known etiology
- Known outcomes
- Symptoms worsen over time
research makes increasingly strong case: Genetic component to alcoholism
- 12 step AA
- Biopsychosocial spiritual model: informal
- Based on disease model
- at-risk factors Genetically transmitted: Addict predisposed
Existential Theories
Existential Issues: involve limitations of existence. How long we live, death, dying, pain, poor health, illness, aloneness, boredom, loss or lack of spirituality, etc.
- drug use to temporarily distract or escape these issues
Individuals having ‘poor future orientation’ more at risk for using alcohol/drugs
- related to academic failure or family issues
- adults may not have accomplished dreams
Family Model
Addiction a Disease Affects all of Family
Contributing factors: Imbalance in parenting and family interaction, marital discord, trauma/stress, poor boundaries, shame & rejection, violation
Addiction Chance 4-8x higher for children
- Modeling for children very poor
- Ineffective parents (insensitive/unavailable)
→ a Poor Sense of Self-concept: most generalized risk factor for drug problems → under-achieving, shyness, aggressive, antisocial behaviour
- person with good self concept is unique, worthwhile, has emerging talents and skills
- can accomplish things
- can trust/be trusted, see appropriate intimacy/relationship boundaries
Treatment: improving the sense of self does not equal a cure
Adolescence: intense emotions and big changes: Increased risk for drug abuse/problems
5 major factors in adolescent drug abuse: peer pressure, escape, availability (of drugs/alcohol), curiosity, emptiness
Genetic Model
- Biological risk factors interact with psychosocial environmental factors: Genetic influence
- Interperson factors; family, community, culture, influence Addiction
Adoption studies
- Sons of alcoholics 4x likely to be alcoholics
- Twin studies: monozygotic > dizygotic: supports genetic component
Treatment
Adjust to consider behavioural therapies & pharmacological effects on brain
5 major factors in adolescent abuse of drugs
(PEACE)
Peer pressure
Escape
Availability (of drugs/alcohol)
Curiosity
Emptiness
