week 2- lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what is fat important for?

A

Insulation
Protection
Storage
Energy Production
Synthesis of hormones and lipoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the most commonly ingested lipids?

A

triacylglycerols (TAGs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to TAGs in the mouth during digestion?

A

there is little effect on lipids as the enzymes in the mouth are aqueous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens to TAGs in the stomach during digestion?

A

TAGs are churned into droplets called CHYME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which enzyme begins actual lipid digestion

A

lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

approximately how many TAGs are hydrolysed In the stomach

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which enzyme hydrolyses insoluble triglycerides

A

pancreatic lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do pancreatic lipase hydrolyse insoluble triglyceride

A

by binding to the bile-salt micelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are TAGs partially hydrolysed and reformed again

A

they are partially hydrolysed ;having a monoacylglyceril and 2 fatty acid chains

they’re then formed into micelles with the help of bile salts

they are taken up the intestine and reformed into triacylglycerols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is bile?

A

An emulsifier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do bile salts aid in the formation of spherical micelle shapes formed by oil droplets

A

by clumping fatty acids and monacylglycerols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the structure of a fatty acid micelle?

A

Bile salts on the exterior

Hydrophobic fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in the interior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are free fatty acids and monoglycerols reformed into

A

triacylglycerols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a chylomicron?

A

It is a lipoprotein.

It consists of TAGs, membranes and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do chylomicrons do?

A

They transport TAGs from the intestinal cells to the bloodstream via the lymph system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why do chylomicrons travel through the lymph system?

A

Because they are too large to fit in blood capillaries and may clog up blood vessels.

17
Q

What are the uses of triacylglycerols after being transported by chylomicrons?

A
  1. absorbed by cells and processed for energy by forming Acetyl CoA
  2. Stored in adipose tissue/adipocytes (fat cells) as lipids
18
Q

How are fats released from adipocytes when needed?

A

They are hydrolysed (broken down) in the adipocyte and released as fatty acids when needed

19
Q

what are adipocytes?

A

They are fat cells in the adipose tissue found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue

20
Q

what do adipocytes do?

A

They store energy
Used as insulation
Used as a shock absorber for organs

They are metabolically very active meaning they break down and synthesise TAGs constantly

21
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

The breakdown of triglycerides by lipases.

Lipolysis is under hormonal control.

22
Q

What are the hormones involved in lipolysis and what do they do?

A

Epinephrine and glucagon - promote lipolysis

Insulin - inhibit lipolysis

23
Q

What is the structure of TAGs and what is their structure when they get hydrolysed (broken down)?

A

TAGs consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

When they are hydrolysed , 1 fatty acid chain is released.

TAGs can keep getting hydrolysed (broken down) until there is just the glycerol molecule left

24
Q

what happens to the glycerol molecule after the 3 fatty acid chains have been hydrolysed?

A

The glycerol molecule gets metabolised:

  1. It enters into the blood stream
  2. Travels to the liver OR kidney for processing
  3. It then gets converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate
25
how does glycerol get converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
MAKE A DIAGRAM
26
What are the 2 processes in which dihydroxyacetone phosphate is used as an intermediate
Glycolysis - It is converted to pyruvate, then Acetyl CoA, then CO2, it releases its energy Gluconeogenesis - It creates glucose from a non carb source
27
What kind of reaction is needed for fatty acids to be broken down?
Oxidation learn more of this
28
name 2 lipid disorders
familial combined dyslipidaemia remnant particle disease