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Physiology & metabolism > week 1- Carbohydrate and metabolism > Flashcards

week 1- Carbohydrate and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is catabolism

A

processes in which complex substances are degraded to simpler molecules

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2
Q

what is anabolism

A

processes concerned primarily with the synthesis of complex organic molecules

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3
Q

what is catabolism associated with

A

net release of chemical energy

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4
Q

what is anabolism associated with

A

net input of energy required

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5
Q

what is glycolysis

A

releasing energy from glucose

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6
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

process in which body maintains glucose levels from non-carbohydrate sources (reverse glycolysis)

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7
Q

what is the 6th step of glycolysis

A

GADPH reduces NAD+ to NADH

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8
Q

why is NADH re oxidised

A

because cytoplasm has a finite supply of NAD+

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9
Q

what is a fermentation

A

an energy-yielding metabolic pathway with no net change in the oxidation state of products compared to substrates

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10
Q

where does homolactic fermentation occur

A

animal cells, and lactic acid bacteria

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11
Q

where does alcoholic fermentation occur

A

in yeast

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12
Q

what does anaerobic glycolysis lead to

A

pyruvate

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13
Q

what happens to pyruvate produced in anaerobic glycolysis

A

it is reduced, so no net oxidation of glucose occurs

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14
Q

what is lactate formed by

A

active skeletal muscle

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15
Q

what are the primary gluconeogenic tissues?

A

liver and the kidney cortex

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16
Q

when does the body make glucose

A
  1. long periods in the absence of carbohydrates
  2. intense exercise
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17
Q

what does gluconeogenesis use to bypass irreversible reactions of glycolysis

A

enzymes

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18
Q

which enzymes does gluconeogenesis use to bypass the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenol-pyruvate

A
  1. pyruvate carboxylase
  2. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
19
Q

what is pyruvate converted to by pyruvate carboxylase

A

oxaloacetate

20
Q

what is oxaloacetate converted to by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

A

phosphoenol-pyruvate

21
Q

what reaction converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate

A

hydrolytic reaction catalysed by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

22
Q

what non-carbohydrate precursors can glucose be synthesises by

A

Amino acids
Glycerol
Lactate

23
Q

what does the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol yield

A

glycerol and fatty acids

24
Q

can animals convert fatty acids into glucose

A

no

25
Q

what mechanism is involved in the synthesis of glucose from lactate

A

the cori cycle

26
Q

what is the cori cycle

A

Lactate produced in glycolysis during muscle exertion is transported to the liver, for resynthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis.

Transport of glucose back to muscle for synthesis of glycogen, and its reutilization in glycolysis, completes the cycle.

27
Q

how is glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated

A

reciprocally

28
Q

what is glycolysis determined by

A

glucose availibility

29
Q

what is gluconeogenesis determined by

A

precursor availability

30
Q

what are the enzymes involved in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

phosphofructokinase
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
pyruvate kinase
pyruvate carboxylase
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

31
Q

what is phosphofructokinase stimulated and activated by

A

stimulated by high levels of AMP
activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

32
Q

what is phosphofructokinase inhibited by

A

high levels of ATP and citrate

33
Q

what is Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase stimulated by

A

high levels of citrate

34
Q

what is Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase inhibited by

A

high levels of AMP and Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

35
Q

what is pyruvate kinase activated by

A

Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate

36
Q

what is pyruvate kinase inhibited by

A

high levels of ATP and alanine

37
Q

what is pyruvate carboxylase activated by

A

high levels of acetyl-CoA

38
Q

what is carboxylase inhibited by

A

high levels of ADP

39
Q

what is Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)

A

high levels of ADP

40
Q

which state is insulin released in

A

when there are high blood sugar levels (the fed state)

41
Q

what does insulin stimulate

A

expression of genes encoding the proteins of glycolysis

42
Q

what does insulin inhibit

A

glyconeogenesis by switching off expression of Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

43
Q

what does glucagon stimulate

A

glyconeogenesis by switching on expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase & Fructose 1,6, Bisphosphatase

44
Q

what does glucagon inhibit

A

expression of genes encoding the proteins of glycolysis

Physiology & metabolism (8 decks)

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