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MBChB - year 2 > Week 2 HNN lectures > Flashcards

Week 2 HNN lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the Intervertebral discs found?

A

In between vertebral bodies

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2
Q

What is the function of Intervertebral discs?

A

To act as shock absorbers

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3
Q

What can happen if there is damage to the fibrous outside of the IVD?

A

The inside can pop out (prolapsed disc)

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4
Q

How does a prolapsed disc happen?

A

If there is damage to the fibrous outside of the IVD

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5
Q

What can a prolapsed disc cause?

A

Nerve damage (it presses on the nerve roots)

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6
Q

What type of pain can a prolapsed disc cause?

A

Radicular pain

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7
Q

Where are the two most common places for a prolapsed disc?

A

Lumbar and cervical

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8
Q

Where is the nerve problem in the condition sciatica?

A

The nerve root at L5

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9
Q

Where does parasympathetic innervation come from?

A

The parasympathetic cranial nerves and the sacral section of the spine

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10
Q

How many cervical pairs of nerves are there?

A

8

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11
Q

What do the cervical nerves innervate?

A

The arms and neck

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12
Q

What do the thoracic nerves innervate?

A

The truncal and intercostal muscles

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13
Q

What do the lumbar nerves innervate?

A

The legs

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14
Q

What do the sacral nerves innervate?

A

Perineal floor and the pelvic organs

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15
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

The space between the dura and the vertebral periosteum, filled with fat and venous plexus

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16
Q

What is the sub arachnoid space?

A

Filled with CSF, continuous with the subarachnoid space of the cranium

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17
Q

What is a spinal ganglion?

A

Contains nerve cell bodies of primary sensory afferents and psuedounipolar neurons. There are no synapses

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18
Q

What is the anterior root?

A

Carries motor information, exits spinal cord through anterolateral sulcus

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19
Q

What is the fasciculus gracilis?

A

Sensory (fine touch, vibration, proprioception) - from ipsilateral lower limb

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20
Q

What is the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

Sensory (fine touch, vibration, proprioception) - from ipsilateral upper limb

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21
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

From the same side as the body

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22
Q

What travels on the spinocerebellar tract?

A

Proprioception from limbs to cerebellum

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23
Q

What travels on the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Motor to ipsilateral anterior horn (mostly limb musculature)

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24
Q

What travels on the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain and temperature from the contralateral side of the body

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25
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

relating to the opposite side of the body

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26
Q

What travels on the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

Motor to ipsilateral and contralateral anterior horn (mostly axial musculature)

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27
Q

What happens at the anterior white commissure?

A

Pain and temperature fibres cross.

Anterior corticospinal fibres cross

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28
Q

Where does the spinothalamic tract run?

A

The anterior part of the spinal cord

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29
Q

What is a dorsal root ganglion made up of?

A

sensory cell bodies.

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30
Q

How many motor neurons supply one muscle fibre?

A

One

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31
Q

What are Gamma motor fibres involved in?

A

The fine control of muscles, they keep the muscle spindle tense

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32
Q

How do gamma fibres know what position a muscle is in?

A

Sensory fibres relay information on how much movement has occurred

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33
Q

How (SIMPLY) do tendon stretch reflexes work?

A

The tendon is stretched (and it doesn’t like this) and a the muscle is also stretched which sends a signal to the brain
When a tendon is stretched it is at risk of mechanical damage. This means it wants its muscle belly to relax to take some pressure away. This is a protective mechanism for the tendon.

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34
Q

What does an EEG do?

A

Records electrical activity in the brain

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35
Q

What is the latency?

A

The length of time between the stimulus and the action

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36
Q

What is suggested if the conduction of a nerve is slower than expected?

A

Demyelinating neuropathy

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37
Q

What would be expected if there was axonal damage?

A

Low signal

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38
Q

What would be expected if there was myelin damage?

A

Slow signal

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39
Q

What is Guillan- Barre syndrome?

A

an immune reaction to an initial infection. The protein is a bit like one in the myelin so the body has overreacted and begins to destroy the myelin.

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40
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

An autoimmune reaction to the Ach receptor

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41
Q

What does the upper subscapular nerve supply?

A

The subscapularis muscle

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42
Q

What does the lower subscapular nerve supply?

A

Subscapularis, teres major

43
Q

What does the thoracodorsal nerve supply?

A

Latissimus dorsi

44
Q

What does the axillary nerve supply?

A

Sensation to the shoulder and motot to the deltoid, teres minor and triceps brachii (long head)

45
Q

What does the radial nerve supply?

A

Triceps brachii, brachioradialis, extensor muscles of the fingers and wrist, supinator, and the extensor and abductor muscles of the thumb

46
Q

What does issues with the common peroneal nerve lead to?

A

weakness in dorsiflexion and eversion

47
Q

What three layers does gastrulation give?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm and endoderm

48
Q

What is the definition of gastrulation?

A

A process of cell division and migration resulting in the development of the bilaminar disc into the trilaminar embryonic disc (3 germ layers)

49
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

CNS, PNS, Sensory epithelium of the ear, nose and eye, Epidermis, hair and nails, subcutaneous, mammary and pituitary glands and enamel of the teeth

50
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

the epithelial linings of the respiratory passages and the GI tract, including the gland openings into the GI tract and the glandular cells of associated organs, such as the liver and the pancreas.

51
Q

What does the Mesoderm give rise to?

A

smooth muscular coats, connective tissues and vessels associated with the tissues and organs. The mesoderm also forms most of the cardiovascular system and is the source of blood cells and bone marrow, the skeleton, striated muscles and the reproductive and excretory organs.

52
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A flexible rod shaped structure that lies ventral to the neural tube. It has an inductive relationship with the neural plate

53
Q

What is the relationship between the neural plate and the notochord?

A

An inductive relationship

54
Q

What is the notochord made from?

A

Mesoderm

55
Q

What does the notochord become?

A

The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc

56
Q

What signals does the notochord produce?

A

Noggin and chordin

57
Q

What does Noggin do?

A

inactivates BMP4 (BMP4 absence causes patterning of NT and somites)

58
Q

What does chordin do?

A

BMP antagonist

59
Q

What does the inductive effect of the notochord on the neural plate have?

A

causes the overlying ectoderm to thicken and form the neural plate

60
Q

What happens after the neural plate is induced?

A

the lateral edges elevate, forming neural folds. The depressed mid region forms the neural groove

61
Q

In which direction does fusion of the neural tube proceed?

A

In the cephalic and caudal directions.

62
Q

What do neural crest cells go onto form?

A

Spinal ganglion, Schwann cells, Adrenal Medulla, Melanocytes, Connective tissue in the head region

63
Q

What does Treacher Collins syndrome cause?

A

Under development of the zygomatic bones and ears

64
Q

What causes Treacher Collins syndrome?

A

A mutation in the TCOF1 gene

65
Q

What does Di George syndrome cause?

A

Pneumonic CATCH 22:

  • Cleft palate
  • Abnormal facies
  • Thymic aplasia
  • Cardiac abnormalities
  • Hypocalcaemia/hypoparathyroidism
66
Q

What doe the neuroepithelial cells go on to form?

A

Various types of neurones, astrocytes and glial cells

67
Q

What do the neuroepithelial cells give rise to once the neural tube closes?

A

Neuroblasts at the peripheral edges of the neural tube

68
Q

What do the neuroblasts at the peripheral edges of the neural tube form?

A

The mantle layer

69
Q

What is the mantle layer?

A

A zone around the neuroepithelial layer

70
Q

What does the mantle layer go on to form?

A

Grey matter of the spinal cord

71
Q

What is the outermost layer of the spinal cord?

A

The marginal layer

72
Q

What is the marginal layer also known as?

A

The white matter

73
Q

What is the sulcus limitans?

A

a longitudinal groove that separates the dorsal alar and ventral basal plates of the spinal cord

74
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

A build up of CSF in the brain that can put excess pressure on the brain and damage it

75
Q

How can hydrocephalus be relieved?

A

Shunting of the fluid into the abdomen via the surgical implantation of a shunt

76
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

The choroid plexus

77
Q

Where are the choroid plexus found?

A

Where the pia mater and the ependyma come into direct contact (e.g. the roof of the 4th ventricle)

78
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An involuntary stereotyped response to a stimulus

79
Q

When do tendon jerk reflexes occur?

A

Automatically in response to a stimulus

80
Q

What are the two types reflexes?

A

Somatic and autonomic

81
Q

What type of reflex is a tendon jerk reflex?

A

Somatic

82
Q

How is a tendon jerk reflex elicited?

A

By hitting the tendon with a tendon hammer and causing a stretch

83
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A

A two-neuron reflex arc with a single central synapse

84
Q

What is an example of a monosynaptic reflex arc?

A

The knee jerk reflex

85
Q

What is the stimulus for the knee jerk reflex?

A

A tendon tap with a tendon hammer that causes a brief stretch of the muscle.

86
Q

What is the effect of the brief stretch of the muscle in the knee jerk reflex?

A

Activation of muscle spindle receptors which then produce action potentials

87
Q

Where do the action potentials that are produced by muscle spindle receptors in the knee jerk reflex travel?

A

Along the peripheral nerve sensory fibres (1a afferent fibres) which then synapse directly with motor neurons

88
Q

Why are tendon jerk reflexes used clinically?

A

They are simple to elicit and cant be faked

89
Q

What is a reflex present only on one side suggestive of?

A

Mononeuropathy

90
Q

What would it suggest if a reflex is normal in one muscle but not in another?

A

Polyneuropathy

91
Q

What axons do peripheral neuropathies often affect first?

A

The longest ones

92
Q

What is the pattern of sensory loss caused by peripheral neuropathies known as?

A

A stocking-glove pattern of sensory loss (hands and lower leg)

93
Q

What is the result of the stretch reflex?

A

o Prolonged stretch of a muscle produces prolonged contraction

94
Q

What is the function of the stretch reflex?

A

acts to maintain a constant muscle length and control muscle tone e.g. keeps the muscle in the same position even when a load is added

95
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain - prosencephalon
Midbrain - Mesencephalon
Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon

96
Q

What do the meninges develop from?

A

Mesenchymal cells and neural crest cells

97
Q

When does the eye begin to develop?

A

Day 22 as a pair of shallow grooves

98
Q

What are the optic vesicles?

A

outgrowths from the diencephalon of the forebrain

99
Q

What does the lens placode develop from?

A

the surface ectoderm and invaginates into the optic vesicle

100
Q

What do the 2 walls of the optic vesicle form?

A

The optic stalk

101
Q

What is the function of the choroidal fissure?

A

Provides a pathway for the hyaloid artery

102
Q

What does the hyaloid artery supply?

A

The lens and developing retina

103
Q

What is the lens derived from?

A

Ectoderm

MBChB - year 2 (25 decks)

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