week 2 - foot and ankle

Question 1

what is heel pad measurement projection

Answer 1

lateral foot, lateral calcaneus

Question 2

what is heel pad measurement landmarks

Answer 2

the shortest distance between the plantar surface of the calcaneus and external skin contour

Question 3

normal values for heel pad measurement in males

Answer 3

average - 19
max - 25

Question 4

normal values for heel pad measurements in females

Answer 4

average - 19
max - 23

Question 5

what is the relevance of healpad measurement

Answer 5

an increased skin thickness at the heel pad can suggest the achilles tendon thickening due to inflammatory arthritis

Question 6

what is boehlers angle projection

Answer 6

lateral foot, lateral calcanus

Question 7

what is boehlers angle landmarks

Answer 7

3 highest points in the superior surface of the calcaneus are connected with the 2 tangential lines and the angle formed posteriorly is then assessed

Question 8

what is the normal measurements for boehlers angle

Answer 8

averages between 30-35 degrees in the angle formed posteriorly

Question 9

what does an boehlers angle below the minimum average of 28 suggest

Answer 9

the most common - fracture with displacement through the calcaneus or dysplastic development of the calcaneus

Question 10

describe tarsal coalition

Answer 10

condition of fibrous, cartliganous or bony union of 2 or more tarsal bones

Question 11

why can tarsal coalition occur

Answer 11

infection
trauma
inflammatory arthritis
surgery

Question 12

describe calcaneonavicular coalition

Answer 12

coalition at the calcaneonavicular joint