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Cross-cultural Psychology of Health & Illness (Leiden University 22-23) > Week 2 - Emotion, Motivation & Acculturation Stress > Flashcards

Week 2 - Emotion, Motivation & Acculturation Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Darwin

A

“emotions & emotional expressions are universal”

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2
Q

Ekman & Friesen

A

6 basic emotions: universal
- happy
- sad
- surprised
- scared
- disgust
- anger

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3
Q

evidence for cultural universality: which 1 emotion?

A

Pride
- erect pose, head tilted back, slight smile, arms extending away/held akimbo

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4
Q

controversy about universality of some emotions: which 3 emotions?

A
  • Contempt
  • Shame
  • Interest
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5
Q

“what is an emotion?”

A
  • response to situation
  • physiology (e.g., heart-rate, sweating, blood-pressure etc…)
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6
Q

2 specific perspectives on emotions:

A
  1. James-Lange Theory
  2. Two-Factor Theory
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7
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotions

A

emotions = physiological response

  1. stimulus/situation
    (e.g., bear attack)
  2. response
    (e.g., pounding heart)
  3. subjective emotion
    (e.g., fear)
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8
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotions: problem with theory

A

No physiological response = no emotion?

–> racing heart isn´t always a response of fear
(can also be excitement, love, medication or physical activity)

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9
Q

Two-Factor Theory of Emotions

A
  1. stimulus/situation
    (e.g., bear attack/competitor in a race)
  2. response
    (e.g., pounding heart)
  3. INTERPRETATION!
  4. subjective emotion
    (e.g., fear/excitement)
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10
Q

same physiological response…

A

…different emotions (fear/excitement)

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11
Q

Universality vs Cultural variability: focus on?

  • James-Lange Theory: ?
  • Two-Factor Theory: ?
A

James-Lange Theory: physiology

Two-Factor Theory: interpretation

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12
Q

Display rules:

A

across cultures different intensity of emotions are desirable.

E.g., collectivistic cultures prefer “smoother” more “subtle” expressions of emotions

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13
Q

Ritualized displays:

A

culturally, somewhat unusual, facial expressions that are not recognized universally

(e.g., embarrassment)

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14
Q

Display rules: Anger
Individualistic vs Collectivistic, displaying anger

A

> individualistic: okey, can help you forward

> collectivistic: not appreciated, more about the harmony of the group

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15
Q

collectivistic anger: benefits?

A
  • blood-pressure return quicker to baseline
  • less negative physiological effects
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16
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

we use our facial expression to infer our emotional state, suggesting that by making a particular emotional expression we can think that we´re experiencing the corresponding emotion.
> experiment: pencil in mouth

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17
Q

Life satisfaction & happiness

A
  • wealth
  • human rights & equality (society)

> individualistic countries: amount of positive emotions

> collectivistic countries: fitting in / living up to norms

  • Thoughts on one owns happiness –> more or less happy
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18
Q

Western culture: happiness

A

= central value

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19
Q

Western culture: eighteenth century (enlightenment) + happiness

A

= world became more predictable & rational –> leading to people being more happy
Before, happiness was seen as a result of good luck.
Cultures which define happiness as good luck = less happy

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20
Q

Culture & Happiness: game

A
  • European-Canadians, preferred fun game
  • Asian-Americans, preferred useful game
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21
Q

Personal theories about a satisfying life: “how happy one should feel”

A

East-asians: more balanced emotional state
> believe in experiencing more balanced emotions.

Americans: reported being happier then in actual real life (over-reported)
> believed they should be happy in general.

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22
Q

Two-Dimensional Map of Affective States

A

Euro-Americans: “HAP” = enthusiastic happiness (high arousal)

East-Asians: “LAP” = relaxed happiness (low arousal)

23
Q

Emotions: examined how?

A
  • expression
  • experience
  • physiological response
    etc…
24
Q

Physiological process (arousal): universal or cultural?

A

> universal, as all physiological responses are similar throughout cultures (heart-rate, blood-pressure, sweat etc.)

25
Q

Experience (interpretation): universal or cultural?

A

> more cultural, since everyone experience feelings/emotions differently due to their culture (individualistic/collectivistic) and more

26
Q

Display or hide expression (display rules): universal or cultural?

A

> cultural: following the norms of ones own culture decides intensity experienced or displayed of emotion in a situation

27
Q

Motivation: definition?

A

any condition that initiates, activates or maintains the individual´s goal-directed behavior.

28
Q

Prevention orientation:

A

avoid negative outcomes - e.g., not miss an opportunity

29
Q

Promotion orientation:

A

striving towards a positive outcome - e.g., gain something

30
Q

Prevention orientation vs. Promotion orientation: focus on what?

A

Prevention: weaknesses, to avoid future failure –> collective cultures (try to improve)

Promotion: successes, to strive for advancement –> individualistic cultures (enjoy success)

31
Q

Self-enhancement: motivation to view oneself positively

View on….
Western: failure?
Eastern: success?

A

Western view (connected to WIERD)

Western: external cause –> bad luck
Eastern: external cause –> good luck

32
Q

FACE: social value given by others if one fulfills obligations and expectations

A

collectivistic: fitting in, societal norms = gain face

Face is easier lost than gained!

33
Q

Cultures concerned with “FACE” - prevention vs promotion

A

= prevention orientation, focus on avoiding negative outcomes and learn from failure in order to improv

Much more focus on OTHERS feeling good about them than themselves.

FACE - self-improvement vs self-enhancement

34
Q

Maslow´s Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. physiological
  2. safety
  3. love/belonging
  4. esteem
  5. self-actualization

lower level: universality
higher level: cultural diversity

35
Q

Control: implicit theories of the world
> Entity theory
>Incremental theory

A

> Entity theory: external locus of control

> Incremental theory: internal locus of control

36
Q

Control: Entity theory

A

> external locus of control
Secondary control strategies: choices made because they´re good for face (e.g., raise family status)
Eastern view

37
Q

Control: Incremental theory

A

> Internal locus of control
Primary control strategies: choices made can make a positive change for self (e.g., I like the topic of my study)
Western view

38
Q

Acculturation stress:

A

the mental emotional challenges of adopting to a new culture

39
Q

Acculturation stress: some symptoms…

A

Body: fatigue, headaches etc…

Mind: worrying, nightmares, etc…

Behavior: insomnia, drinking more, etc…

Emotions: apathy, loss of confidence, etc….

40
Q

Stressors in migration:

A
  • Cause of migration (study, war, love, etc.)
  • Migration itself (stress of planning, travel, etc.)
  • Consequences of migration (discrimination, unemployment, etc.)
  • Acculturation problems (experience of loss, conflict, etc.)
41
Q

Reasons for migration: push or pull

A

Push factor: negative (escape) - bigger consequences!

Pull factor: positive (opportunities)

42
Q

The Acculturation Curve

A

phase 1: “honeymoon” - exiting new experiences (food, people, culture etc)

phase 2: “culture shock” - realization of changes –> more stress (norms, learn language etc.)

phase 3: “adjustment” - realization of changes –> less stress (better fit and understand thing and people better etc.)

43
Q

Culture distance: how much two cultures differ in their overall ways of life

A
  • Language: different / similar
  • Heritage culture: diff. / sim.

> less stress when more similar

44
Q

Cultural fit: de degree to which one´s personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture

A
  • High extroversion & Independent self-concept:
    > intense culture (e.g. America)
  • High introversion & Interdependent self-concept:
    > calm cultures (e.g. eastern)
45
Q

Hofstede ranking individualism

A

countries all over the world and their culture being individualistic in comparison

46
Q

Acculturation Strategies: 2x2

A
  • Identification with heritage culture (a)
  • Identification with host culture (b)

> Strong(a) + Strong(b): Integration

> Strong(a) + Weak(b): Separation

> Weak(a) + Strong(b): Assimilation

> Weak(a) + Weak(b): Marginalization

47
Q

Acculturation Strategies: explanation

A
  • Identification with heritage culture (a)
  • Identification with host culture (b)

> Integration: only good option
Separation: distance from majority
Assimilation: criticize own minority
Marginalization: living in isolation

48
Q

Integration

A

positive + positive view of cultures (heritage & host)

  • participate in both cultures
49
Q

Marginalization

A

negative + negative view of cultures (heritage & host)

  • no engagement in either culture –> isolation
50
Q

Assimilation

A

positive (heritage) + negative (host)

51
Q

Separation

A

negative (host) + positive (heritage)

52
Q

Bicultural/Multicultural experiences impact the self-concept in two ways:

A
  • Blending
  • Frame-switching
53
Q

Bicultural/Multicultural Blending:

A

reflects a hybrid of two cultural worlds - multicultural people appear intermediate on many assessments

54
Q

Frame-switching:

A

maintaining multiple self-concepts and switch between them depending on context - people don´t lose their heritage culture self, after mastering their host culture self. (e.g., language: private/public, rules: private/public)

Cross-cultural Psychology of Health & Illness (Leiden University 22-23) (5 decks)

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