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Urinary > Week 2 - Development > Flashcards

Week 2 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

From where do the kidneys receive their blood supply?

A

-Abdo aorta

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2
Q

Where is the intermediate mesoderm in the embryo?

A

-Between the paraxial and somatic/splanchnic mesoderm

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3
Q

Which part of the primitive gut tube contributes to renal deveopment?

A

-Primitive Hind gut tube

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4
Q

Which section of the trilaminar disk forms the kidneys?

A

-Intermediate mesoderm

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5
Q

Briefly, What happens to the intermediate mesoderm to form the kidneys?

A
  • Organised sequentially into 3 systems, pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros
  • When one system disappears the other emerges
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6
Q

Where does the pronephros first appear?

A

-Cervical region

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7
Q

Describe the pronephros stage

A

-Pronephros is a very simple structure which develops from intermediate mesoderm and develops a pronephrotic duct which runs from cervical to cloaca

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8
Q

Describe the mesonephros stage

A
  • Mesonephros commandeers pronephrotic duct and develops caudally to run almost entirety of embryonic trunk
  • Mesonephric tubules deveop caudally
  • Mesonephric duct sprouts uteric buds after contact with cloaca
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9
Q

Is the pronephros functioning?

A

-No

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10
Q

What is the urogenital ridge?

A

-A prominent region of intermediate mesoderm which gives rise to both the embryonic kidney (mesonephros) and the gonad

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11
Q

Which system is the first embryonic kidney?

A

-Mesonephros (mesonephric tubules and duct makes embryonic kidney)

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12
Q

How does the ureteric bud drive development of the definitive kidney?

A

-Ureteric bud sprouts from mesonephric ducts and releases chemical mediators which are inductive to the surrounding area of undifferentiated mesoderm (known as metanephric blastema)

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13
Q

What is the metanephric blastema?

A

-Area of undifferentiated intermediate mesoderm which develops into the metanephros

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14
Q

Describe metanephros stage

A
  • Ureteric bud makes contact with blastema
  • Bud expands and branches into the undifferentiated tissue forming the major and minor calyx. Meanwhile definitive kidney developing due to chemical mediators being released from bud
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15
Q

Where is the collecting system of the definitive kidney derived from?

A

-Ureteric bud

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16
Q

Where is the excretory component of the definitive kidney derived from?

A

-Intermediate mesoderm (metanephric blastema)

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17
Q

Where does the metanephric kidney first appear?

A

-Pelvic region

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18
Q

What happens to the definitive kidney once formed in the pelvis?

A

-Ascends to its anatomical position by crossing the umbilical artery

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19
Q

What happens to the arterial supply to the kidney as it ascends?

A

-Polar arteries are induced and regressed from the abdo aorta multiple times

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20
Q

What is the result of ureteric bud failing to interact with intermediate mesoderm?

A

-Renal agenesis (absence of kidney)

21
Q

What is wilm’s tumour?

A

-Congenital tumour of kindey

22
Q

What are the common causes of a duplication defect?

A
  • Splitting of the ureteric bud

- Additional ureteric buds sprout

23
Q

Why can ectopic ureteral orifices result in incontinence?

A

-If the ureter joing the urethra after bladder sphincters or to the vagina

24
Q

What is the most common cause of multicystic kidney disease?

A

-Atresia of ureter

25
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

A

-Recessive genetic disorder resulting in multiple cysts in the kidneys

26
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

-The point at which the GI, urinary and reproductive tracts end in early development

27
Q

What shares the reproductive tract?

A

-The mesonephric duct

28
Q

What is the primordia of primitive bladder?

A

-A region of the hind gut

29
Q

What is the urorectal septum?

A

-A wedge of mesoderm which develops downwards at the cloaca and separates the three tracts, in addition to forming the urogenital sinus from the hind gut

30
Q

What is the urogenital sinus continuous with?

A

-Urachus

31
Q

What is the allantois?

A
  • A region which filters liquid waste in exchange with mother
  • Develops into urachus once metanephros and ureter is functioning
32
Q

What is the urachus?

A

-Fibrous remnant of allantois

33
Q

What does the urachus become?

A

-Median umbilical ligament as it regresses

34
Q

Where is the median umbilical ligament?

A

-Between bladder and umbilicus

35
Q

What is the result of a patent urachus?

A

-Urine leaks out of belly button (umbilicus)

36
Q

What are the sections of the urogenital sinus?

A
  • Largest upper part is future bladder

- Pelvic and phallic parts are parts of future urethra

37
Q

Describe the development of the bladder, urethra and prostate in males

A
  • Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus
  • ureteric buds sprout from mesonephric duct
  • Smooth musculature begins to appear in wall of UGS causing expansion of UGS
  • consumption of the junction of the ureteric bud and mesonephric ducts
  • UBs and MDs make independant openings in UGS
  • UBs engorged by primitive bladder from UGS to open into it
  • mesonephric duct develops into duct system of male repro tract and prostate and prostatic urethra formed
38
Q

Describe development of the bladder in females

A
  • mesonephric ducts reach UGS
  • uteric buds sprout from MD
  • Smooth musculature appears in UGS and begins to expand
  • Consumes ureteric buds and mesonephric duct begins to regress
  • primitive bladder forms and engorges ureteric bud so they open into it. MD completely regresses
39
Q

What causes mesonephric duct to regress in women?

A

-Absence of androgens

40
Q

From where is the female urethra derived?

A

-Pelvic part of UGS

41
Q

What are the 4 parts of male urethra?

A
  • Preprostatic
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy (corpus spongiosum)
42
Q

From where is the male urethra derived?

A
  • Preprostatic, prostatic and membranous from pelvic part of UGS
  • Spongy from phallic part of UGS
43
Q

What are the basic components of the external genitalia?

A
  • Genital tubercle
  • Genital folds
  • Genital swellings
44
Q

What happens to the genital tubercle and folds in males regarding the urinary tract?

A

-GT Elongates and genital folds fuse to form spongy urethra

45
Q

What happens to the genital folds in females regarding the urinary tract?

A

-No fusion of the genital folds and urethra opens into vestibule

46
Q

Why can fistulae form during urinary tract development?

A

-Failure of separation of urinary tract from GI tract

47
Q

What is exstrophy of the bladder?

A

-Bladder opens onto anterior abdominal wall

48
Q

What is hypospadias?

A
  • Defect in fusion of urethral folds due to lack of androgen secretion
  • Urethra opens onto ventral surface rather than end of phallus
49
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

-Nephron (nephrotome)

Urinary (21 decks)

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