Week 10 - malignancy Flashcards
Describe the screening for prostate cancer
- Not currently in uk -> screens for the presence of PSA antigen are unreliable and often presents false-positives and false-negatives
- Can lead to overdiagnosis with no reduction in deaths
How does prostate cancer present?
- Usually asymptomatic
- Can cause urinary symptoms eg overactive bladder or retention
- Bone pain
Why can prostate cancer produce bone pain?
-Produces sclerotic metastases
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
- Digital rectal exam
- Urine sample
- Serum PSA
- Transrectl ultrasound guided biopsy (TRUS)
How is prostate cancer treated?
- Depends on individual circumstances including age, prognosis and patient preference
- prostatectomy, radiation, active surveillence
What determines the grading of prostate tumour?
-Gleason score
Who is at higher risk of bladder cancer?
-Males
What are 90% of bladder cancers?
-Transitional cell carcinoma
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
- Smoking
- Occupational -> arylamines
- Schistosomiasis
Which type of bladder cancer is associated with schistosomiasis?
-Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the initial definitive treatment of bladder cancer?
-Transurethral resection of a bladder tumour
What do the cells of a renal cell carcinoma look like histiologically?
-Clear cells packed with glycogen
What is the most common upper urinary tract cancer?
-Renal cell carcinoma
In whom is renal cell carcinoma more common?
-Males
Name some risk factors of renal cell carcinoma
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Dialysis
