WEEK 2: Cells

Question 1

The basic structural and functional unit in all tissues. Highly organized structures. Their forms and functions are dependent on the genetic expression by each cell type.

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

Are plasma membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles or granules, lysosomes, proteasomes and peroxisomes or microbodies.

Answer 2

Cytoplasmic organelles

Question 3

A meshwork of protein rods and tubules that molds the distinctive structures of a cell, positioning organelles and providing three-dimensional shape. Includes the microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. FOR SUPPORT.

Answer 3

Cytoskeleton

Question 4

An essential process in humans and all multicellular organisms is. It is a form of cell division that produces two cells, each of which has the same complement of chromosomes as the parental cells.

Answer 4

Mitosis

Question 5

Bone, blood, nerve and muscle cells are called

Answer 5

Somatic cells/ Body cells

Question 6

two copies of the genome is called ____. Ex: Somatic cells

Answer 6

diploid

Question 7

one copy of the genome is called ______. Ex: Sperm and egg cells

Answer 7

haploid

Question 8

Cells are composed of macromolecules important in biological processes. The major groups of these substances are: ____ (4)

Answer 8

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

Question 9

macromolecules that provide energy

Answer 9

carbohydrates

Question 10

macromolecules that provide insulation and store energy

Answer 10

lipids

Question 11

macromolecules that have many diverse functions in the body, and are important in blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, and immunity, while others serve and catalysts.

Answer 11

proteins

Question 12

Most important in genetics are: ___ (2)

Answer 12

DNA and RNA

Question 13

Organelle. All cells are surrounded by a ____ a covering that defines cell boundary. The ____ actively controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell. COVERING OF THE CELL.

Answer 13

Plasma membrane

Question 14

Most animals have _____ or cell coat. The _____ provides biochemical identity at the surface of cells, and the components of the coat that establish cellular identity are under genetic control.

Answer 14

Glycocalyx

Question 15

Organelle. A membrane bound structure that houses the DNA, which is complex with protein into thin fibers.

Answer 15

Nucleus

Question 16

Nucleic acid. The nucleolus, present inside the nucleus, is where ribosomal ____ is synthesized.

Answer 16

RNA

Question 17

Organelle. The remainder of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus, is called as the _____ and includes a variety of organelles. GEL-LIKE

Answer 17

Cytoplasm

Question 18

Organelle. The ______ appears smooth in places where it serves as site for synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids, and in other places, appears rough as it is studded with ribosomes.

Answer 18

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 19

Organelle. Are sites of protein synthesis, guided by the information contained in the mRNA.

Answer 19

Ribosomes

Question 20

Organelle. The _____ provide energy by breaking down nutrients from food. The energy liberated from food is captured and stored in the bonds present in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 1 carbohydrate: 15 ATP

Answer 20

Mitochondria

Question 21

Organelle. Are a pair of complex structure that are located in a specialized region called the centrosome.

Answer 21

Centrioles

Question 22

Long and hollow. Provide many cellular movements. Composed of a pair of protein called tubulin. They form the cilia, which are hair-like structures.

Answer 22

Microtubules

Question 23

These are long, thin rods composed of many molecules of the protein actin. Solid and narrower than microtubules, they enable cells to withstand stretching and compression. They also help to anchor one cell to another.

Answer 23

Microfilaments

Question 24

They have diameters intermediate between those of microtubules and microfilaments. They are abundant in skin and nerve cells. In actively dividing skin cells, it forms a strong inner framework that firmly attaches cells to each other and to the underlying tissue.

Answer 24

Intermediate Filaments

Question 25

An early stage of embryo development and represents a period in the organism’s life when most of the cells are constantly dividing. Moreover, the dividing cell have very large and easily seen chromosomes, so it is easy to find lots of cells in each stage of mitosis. Human chromosomes on the other hand, are not clearly visible at higher power magnification. So, for student purposes, _______ are used.

Answer 25

Whitefish Blastula

Question 26

Mitosis: Interphase. Growth: the cells grow in size and carry out their normal day to day activities. CELLS GROW

Answer 26

G1 Phase

Question 27

Mitosis: Interphase. Prior to mitosis, the cell prepares itself by duplicating its chromosomes and other cellular contents. The chromosomes at this stage are dispersed and not visible using a light microscope. Before DNA synthesis, each of the cell’s chromosomes consist of one chromatid. After DNA synthesis, each of the cell’s chromosomes consist of 2 genetically identical sister chromatids attached at the centromere. CHROMOSOMES REPLICATE

Answer 27

S Phase

Question 28

Mitosis: Interphase. The cell prepares the enzymes and machinery for mitosis. PREPARES FOR MITOSIS

Answer 28

G2 Phase

Question 29

Mitosis. Start of division. Chromosomes become condense. Nuclear membrane become disperse.

Answer 29

Prophase

Question 30

Mitosis. Mitotic spindle attached to the centromere. “Dance of mitosis”

Answer 30

Metaphase

Question 31

Mitosis. The mitotic spindle apparatus pulls the sister chromatids of each chromosome apart by attaching to each centromere and then pull the chromatids to each pole of the cell.

Answer 31

Anaphase

Question 32

Chromosomes and spindle fibers begin to disperse. Cytokinesis begins. The nuclear envelope forms again around the nuclei.

Answer 32

Telophase

Question 33

Formation of daughter cells. In animals, like the whitefish, a cleavage furrow, a contractile ring of muscle like fibers, pinches the cell into two.

Answer 33

Cytokinesis

Question 34

ER that has ribosomes

Answer 34

Rough ER

Question 35

ER that has no ribosomes. Synthesize phospholipids and fatty acids

Answer 35

Smooth ER