WEEK 2- BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL AETIOLOGY

Question 1

What percentage of children in Liverpool are overweight?

Answer 1

40%

Question 2

what was the budget for change for life in 2012?

Answer 2

£10.9 million

Question 3

what the problem with the £10.9 million pound budget for change for life?

Answer 3

big corporations like McDonalds have far more ($1 BILLION)

Question 4

From 1975 to 2016 what did the age standardised mean BMI increase by in each country in 155 countries per decade in girls?

Answer 4

0.25kg/m2 (in some countries in Polynesia = 1.0kg/m2

Question 5

what is the equalisation hypothesis?

Answer 5

during adolescence health is influenced more stongly by peer social relations rather than the social status of the family (which drive child and adult health inequalities) and this leads to an attentuation of health inequalities

Question 6

why is the argument for geneitics not feasible as an explanation for a rapid growth in obesity?

Answer 6

human genetic makeup can only change gradually- a genetic argument would predict stability or a slow increase

Question 7

what is the main cause of obesity?

Answer 7

obesogenic environment- increasingly available, cheap, tasty highly promoted obesogenic foods

Question 8

Is it better to treat populations or the individual?

Answer 8

populations

Question 9

are the factor relating to obesity the same for all countries?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

what percentage of men are classified as overweight or obese worldwide?

Answer 10

60%

Question 11

what percentage of women are classified as obese or overweight worldwide?

Answer 11

50% - an issue for both genders

Question 12

what is the child national programme?

Answer 12

measures child weight at reception and again before they leave primary school

Question 13

why is it helpful to look at early markers of social deprivation?

Answer 13

give an indication of the environment the person is living in i.e. less educated shows more deprived

Question 14

how much more likely are children to be obese at at 14 if obese at age 7

Answer 14

30-40% more likely

Question 15

what is the sports link programme in liverpool?

Answer 15

largest surviellence programme that took place in Europe. tried to identify obese children and help them and their families

Question 16

what did a report in 2006 after the sports link programme show

Answer 16

there was a plateau in obesity rates in liverpool

Question 17

why is it difficult to show that deprived areas are more obese

Answer 17

because they have no comparison- no before and after measurements of a deprived area

Question 18

in a study in 2006 what did they show about those living in areas 1 to 9 in liverpool compared to those living in area 10?

Answer 18

those in areas 1-9 (the most deprived) were more obese than those living in area 10. also the amount of difference in deprivation got bigger after 2006

Question 19

why is it obvious the increase in obesity isn’t due to genetics?

Answer 19

because we aren’t genetically any different to our grandparents (unless you are genetically disposed)

Question 20

what is the energy balance flipping point

Answer 20

when energy intake rose because of environmental push factors

Question 21

what interventions may have caused the obesity pandemic?

Answer 21

food is now more about opting out than opting in. e.g when you go to WHS you get bombarded with confectionary at the check out

Question 22

why are people becoming less active?

Answer 22

urban sprawl means everything is further away and motor transport must be taken. also technology making everything easier such as washing machines

Question 23

what is non excersize activity thermogenesis?

Answer 23

this is the energy expended during daily activity like getting up, doing the washing, walking to school etc.

Question 24

why do people now have to use gyms?

Answer 24

because everything else has become easier such as commuting to work

Question 25

why did ready meals never used to exist ?

Answer 25

no microwaves

Question 26

how could you fix the problem of larger portion sizes?

Answer 26

smaller plate size

Question 27

why do some people fail when trying to change to a healthy lifestyle?

Answer 27

because they try to change too many behaviours at once i.e. all day diet and excerzing

Question 28

whats the pringles saying

Answer 28

once you pop you can’t stop

Question 29

what is nudge theory

Answer 29

people in communities have been nudged in the wrong direction- i.e. opting out of food rather than opting in

Question 30

what are the popular measures for socioeconomic deprivation?

Answer 30

level of education
household income
home post code

Question 31

what is geoconvert

Answer 31

can enter postcode into geoconvert and it will give you a deprivation score

Question 32

why is poverty a good marker of social deprivation?

Answer 32

because it includes all the factors of level of education, postcode ect. they are all interactive

Question 33

what is another factor that might lead the socially disadvantaged to being obese?

Answer 33

stress- causing increase in food intake

Question 34

why is it often difficult to change the environment

Answer 34

because of the methodological environment- researchers don’t have time to do before and after

Question 35

why might people have a distorted view of what a good meal should be?

Answer 35

programmes and media show a lot of michelin star things- makes it look like healthy food is ridiculously expensive

Question 36

why does liverpool get the double impact of austerity?

Answer 36

because it is low income so less tax goes to the council therefore less to spend of service provisions

Question 37

how many fast food outlets are there in liverpool

Answer 37

over 600

Question 38

how much increase over a year period was there in fast food outlets in liverpool in 2017?

Answer 38

10 % increase

Question 39

in everton (one of the most deprived areas in the country) why are people being nudged towards fast food outlets?

Answer 39

fast food prescient built with a sainsburys- not a cheap supermarket so people more likely to go to fast food outlets

Question 40

what is a food desert defined as?

Answer 40

a community or neighbourhood that has limited access to fresh food and produce