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PSYCH310 > WEEK 1- INTRODUCTION TO OBESITY > Flashcards

WEEK 1- INTRODUCTION TO OBESITY Flashcards

1
Q

What is the likely primary driver of obesity? Hall et al 2018

A

the food environment

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2
Q

What are the five theories of obesity stated by Kevin D. Hall? Hall et al 2018

A

protein leverage model, dietary fat model, carbohydrate insulin model. calories and food quality

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3
Q

what does the protein leverage model suggest?Hall et al 2018

A

lowering amount of protein leads to compensatory increases in overall energy intake

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4
Q

what does the dietary fat model suggest?Hall et al 2018

A

increased fat consumption leads to increased overall energy intake

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5
Q

what does the carbohydrate- insulin model suggest?Hall et al 2018

A

carbohydrates are particularly fattening because of their ability to elevate insulin levels

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6
Q

what eating behaviours has ubiquitous and continuous access to food led to?Hall et al 2018

A

snacking between meals, eating in restaurants and less time spent preparing food

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7
Q

what was the increase in food energy availability driven by?Hall et al 2018

A

economic and policy influences

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8
Q

what are added value foods?Hall et al 2018

A

foods that contain high amounts of salt, fat, sugar and flavour additives

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9
Q

what is the current narrative on the causes and nature of obesity?

A

obesity is a matter of individual responsibility and mainly an issue in affluent countries

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10
Q

in 2016 what fraction of adults worldwide were obese? Ralston et al 2018

A

a third

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11
Q

how many children younger than five years old in 2016 worldwide were classified as obese?Ralston et al 2018

A

41 million

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12
Q

what type of diseases is obesity a risk factor for?Ralston et al 2018

A

non communicable diseases

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13
Q

at what meeting was it acknowledged that countries are behind in meeting who targets?Ralston et al 2018

A

third UN high level meeting

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14
Q

what are political health systems held back by?Ralston et al 2018

A

insufficient understanding of obesity as a chronic disease

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15
Q

what is an example of an oversimplified policy used to tackle obesity?Ralston et al 2018

A

school programmes

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16
Q

what dimensions must the new narrative of obesity include? Ralston et al 2018

A

prioritise childhood obesity, shift blame away from individuals, appreciate obesity is a chronic disease, recognise that obesity requires multiple discrete actors

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17
Q

what is an OECD country? Obesity Update 2017

A

organisation for economic co-operation and development

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18
Q

how many adults are overweight in OECD countries?Obesity Update 2017

A

one in two adults

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19
Q

how many children in OECD countries are overweight?Obesity Update 2017

A

nearly one in six

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20
Q

in which countries are obesity rates the highest?Obesity Update 2017

A

united states, mexico, new zealand and hungary

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21
Q

in which countries are obesity rates the lowest?Obesity Update 2017

A

Japan and Korea

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22
Q

how much more likely are less educated women to be overweight?Obesity Update 2017

A

two to three times

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23
Q

what new easy to understand schemes for obesity have recently been developed?Obesity Update 2017

A

schemes of food labelling, mass media campaigns, and social networks ect

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24
Q

what year are obesity rates set to increase to?Obesity Update 2017

A

2030

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25
Q

how much less do obese people earn compared to normal weight people?Obesity Update 2017

A

10% less

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26
Q

what labels were introduced in Chile?Obesity Update 2017

A

FOP (Front of Pack Labels)

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27
Q

what health policy was implemented in australia andnew zealand in 2014 Obesity Update 2017

A

health star rating- 5 being very healthy and 1/2 being not healthy at all

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28
Q

why is there a lack of participation from from food companies?Obesity Update 2017

A

because childrens exposure to nutrition related advertisement is not regulated by the law

29
Q

what does WHO define overweight as?WHO 2018

A

BMI over 25

30
Q

what does WHO define obesity as?WHO 2018

A

BMI over 30

31
Q

why should using BMI as a measure of overweight/obesity be a rough guide? WHO 2018

A

because it may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different individuals

32
Q

where is obesity now on the rise?WHO 2018

A

low and middle income countries

33
Q

what non communicable diseases are obese people at risk of?WHO 2018

A

cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease), diabetes, musculoskeleal disorders, some cancers (endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate ect)

34
Q

why are low and middle income countries facing a double burden of disease?WHO 2018

A

they continue to deal with the problems of infectious diseases aswell as non communicable diseases

35
Q

how can the food industry play a significant role in promoting healthy diets?WHO 2018

A

reducing high levels of sugar, fat and salt in food, supporting physical activity in the workplace, restricting marketing, ensuring healthy and nutritious choices are affordable to all consumers

36
Q

what is the ‘Global Action Plan’ Developed by WHO?WHO 2018

A

for the prevention an control of non communicable diseases 2013-2020

37
Q

are men or women more likely to be overweight? public health england 2019

A

men

38
Q

how many deaths is obesity responsible for each year? (public health england, 2019)

A

30,000

39
Q

obesity could overtake what as the biggest cause of preventable death? (public health england, 2019)

A

tobacco smoking

40
Q

how much did the NHS spend on obesity in 2014-2015 (public health england 2019)

A

6.1 billion pounds

41
Q

what ethnic group is more likely to be overweight? (public health england 2019)

A

south asians

42
Q

how many fast food outlets were there in england in 2014? (public health england 2019)

A

over 50,000

43
Q

how much less active are we now compared to the 1960’s?(public health england 2019)

A

20% less active

44
Q

what barriers to change did a study by the London Metropolitan University find?(public health england 2019)

A

lack of space and right equipment, skills and resources to prepare healthier options, higher cost of healthier options, reluctance to change popular options, fear reducingsalt ect would affect the taste and deter customers

45
Q

what can be used by councils to help promote healthier food and drink choices?(public health england 2019)

A

planning policies- enusring shops and markets that sell diverse food are easily accesbile, requires leisure centres and schools ect have healthy food options and ensuring development avoids over concentration of hot food takeaways

46
Q

what did the governments childhood obesity plan include to do with sugar?(public health england 2019)

A

soft drinks industry levy

47
Q

how much sugar can one can of oft drink contain?(public health england 2019)

A

35g

48
Q

what will happen to the revenue of the levy be used for?(public health england 2019)

A

invested in programmes to reduce obesity and encourage physical activity and balanced diets

49
Q

changes in what microbiome has also been attributed to the obesity epidemic? Ng et al 2013

A

gut microbiome

50
Q

what is a limitation of the ng et al 2013 study?

A

they used self report measures of obesity- biased

51
Q

what does BMI not take into account? ng et al 2013

A

variations in body structure across ethnic groups

52
Q

what did Warkentin et al find in their study on HRQL?

A

no statistically significant association between weight loss and HRQL improvement, improvements in physical but not mental health

53
Q

what is a limitation of the HRQL warkentin et al 2014 study?

A

HRQL is a secondary outcome so reporting may be selective and incomplete

54
Q

what did the Lupinno et al 2019 study find about depression and obesity?

A

bidirectional associations between depression and obesity

55
Q

what is another good way of indicating a persons weight?

A

waist circumference

56
Q

how many time has obesity increased since the 1980’s?

A

doubled

57
Q

how many people are overweight globally

A

1.4 billion people

58
Q

who is obesity more common amongst?

A

people from deprived areas, older age groups, some black and ethnic minority groups and people with disabilities

59
Q

what decreases as BMI increases?

A

life expectancy

60
Q

what is HRQL defined as?

A

a patients self reported perceptionof his or her physical, psychological , and social functioning and overall wellbeing

61
Q

what does BMI not take into account?

A

muscle mass

62
Q

what do a lot of international bodies recognise obesity as?

A

a disease

63
Q

what does obesity tend to be associated with

A

socioeconomic deprivation

64
Q

among which community is obesity highest among

A

black african

65
Q

in what class are obesity rates the lowest

A

professional socioeconomic group

66
Q

what class has the highest levels of obesity for men?

A

skilled manual class

67
Q

what class has the highest levels of obesity for women?

A

unskilled class

68
Q

in what city in england were 3/4 of the population obese

A

Rotheram

PSYCH310 (9 decks)

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