WEEK 1- INTRODUCTION TO OBESITY Flashcards
What is the likely primary driver of obesity? Hall et al 2018
the food environment
What are the five theories of obesity stated by Kevin D. Hall? Hall et al 2018
protein leverage model, dietary fat model, carbohydrate insulin model. calories and food quality
what does the protein leverage model suggest?Hall et al 2018
lowering amount of protein leads to compensatory increases in overall energy intake
what does the dietary fat model suggest?Hall et al 2018
increased fat consumption leads to increased overall energy intake
what does the carbohydrate- insulin model suggest?Hall et al 2018
carbohydrates are particularly fattening because of their ability to elevate insulin levels
what eating behaviours has ubiquitous and continuous access to food led to?Hall et al 2018
snacking between meals, eating in restaurants and less time spent preparing food
what was the increase in food energy availability driven by?Hall et al 2018
economic and policy influences
what are added value foods?Hall et al 2018
foods that contain high amounts of salt, fat, sugar and flavour additives
what is the current narrative on the causes and nature of obesity?
obesity is a matter of individual responsibility and mainly an issue in affluent countries
in 2016 what fraction of adults worldwide were obese? Ralston et al 2018
a third
how many children younger than five years old in 2016 worldwide were classified as obese?Ralston et al 2018
41 million
what type of diseases is obesity a risk factor for?Ralston et al 2018
non communicable diseases
at what meeting was it acknowledged that countries are behind in meeting who targets?Ralston et al 2018
third UN high level meeting
what are political health systems held back by?Ralston et al 2018
insufficient understanding of obesity as a chronic disease
what is an example of an oversimplified policy used to tackle obesity?Ralston et al 2018
school programmes
what dimensions must the new narrative of obesity include? Ralston et al 2018
prioritise childhood obesity, shift blame away from individuals, appreciate obesity is a chronic disease, recognise that obesity requires multiple discrete actors
what is an OECD country? Obesity Update 2017
organisation for economic co-operation and development
how many adults are overweight in OECD countries?Obesity Update 2017
one in two adults
how many children in OECD countries are overweight?Obesity Update 2017
nearly one in six
in which countries are obesity rates the highest?Obesity Update 2017
united states, mexico, new zealand and hungary
in which countries are obesity rates the lowest?Obesity Update 2017
Japan and Korea
how much more likely are less educated women to be overweight?Obesity Update 2017
two to three times
what new easy to understand schemes for obesity have recently been developed?Obesity Update 2017
schemes of food labelling, mass media campaigns, and social networks ect
what year are obesity rates set to increase to?Obesity Update 2017
2030
how much less do obese people earn compared to normal weight people?Obesity Update 2017
10% less
what labels were introduced in Chile?Obesity Update 2017
FOP (Front of Pack Labels)
what health policy was implemented in australia andnew zealand in 2014 Obesity Update 2017
health star rating- 5 being very healthy and 1/2 being not healthy at all
why is there a lack of participation from from food companies?Obesity Update 2017
because childrens exposure to nutrition related advertisement is not regulated by the law
what does WHO define overweight as?WHO 2018
BMI over 25
what does WHO define obesity as?WHO 2018
BMI over 30
why should using BMI as a measure of overweight/obesity be a rough guide? WHO 2018
because it may not correspond to the same degree of fatness in different individuals
where is obesity now on the rise?WHO 2018
low and middle income countries
what non communicable diseases are obese people at risk of?WHO 2018
cardiovascular diseases (mainly heart disease), diabetes, musculoskeleal disorders, some cancers (endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate ect)
why are low and middle income countries facing a double burden of disease?WHO 2018
they continue to deal with the problems of infectious diseases aswell as non communicable diseases
how can the food industry play a significant role in promoting healthy diets?WHO 2018
reducing high levels of sugar, fat and salt in food, supporting physical activity in the workplace, restricting marketing, ensuring healthy and nutritious choices are affordable to all consumers
what is the ‘Global Action Plan’ Developed by WHO?WHO 2018
for the prevention an control of non communicable diseases 2013-2020
are men or women more likely to be overweight? public health england 2019
men
how many deaths is obesity responsible for each year? (public health england, 2019)
30,000
obesity could overtake what as the biggest cause of preventable death? (public health england, 2019)
tobacco smoking
how much did the NHS spend on obesity in 2014-2015 (public health england 2019)
6.1 billion pounds
what ethnic group is more likely to be overweight? (public health england 2019)
south asians
how many fast food outlets were there in england in 2014? (public health england 2019)
over 50,000
how much less active are we now compared to the 1960’s?(public health england 2019)
20% less active
what barriers to change did a study by the London Metropolitan University find?(public health england 2019)
lack of space and right equipment, skills and resources to prepare healthier options, higher cost of healthier options, reluctance to change popular options, fear reducingsalt ect would affect the taste and deter customers
what can be used by councils to help promote healthier food and drink choices?(public health england 2019)
planning policies- enusring shops and markets that sell diverse food are easily accesbile, requires leisure centres and schools ect have healthy food options and ensuring development avoids over concentration of hot food takeaways
what did the governments childhood obesity plan include to do with sugar?(public health england 2019)
soft drinks industry levy
how much sugar can one can of oft drink contain?(public health england 2019)
35g
what will happen to the revenue of the levy be used for?(public health england 2019)
invested in programmes to reduce obesity and encourage physical activity and balanced diets
changes in what microbiome has also been attributed to the obesity epidemic? Ng et al 2013
gut microbiome
what is a limitation of the ng et al 2013 study?
they used self report measures of obesity- biased
what does BMI not take into account? ng et al 2013
variations in body structure across ethnic groups
what did Warkentin et al find in their study on HRQL?
no statistically significant association between weight loss and HRQL improvement, improvements in physical but not mental health
what is a limitation of the HRQL warkentin et al 2014 study?
HRQL is a secondary outcome so reporting may be selective and incomplete
what did the Lupinno et al 2019 study find about depression and obesity?
bidirectional associations between depression and obesity
what is another good way of indicating a persons weight?
waist circumference
how many time has obesity increased since the 1980’s?
doubled
how many people are overweight globally
1.4 billion people
who is obesity more common amongst?
people from deprived areas, older age groups, some black and ethnic minority groups and people with disabilities
what decreases as BMI increases?
life expectancy
what is HRQL defined as?
a patients self reported perceptionof his or her physical, psychological , and social functioning and overall wellbeing
what does BMI not take into account?
muscle mass
what do a lot of international bodies recognise obesity as?
a disease
what does obesity tend to be associated with
socioeconomic deprivation
among which community is obesity highest among
black african
in what class are obesity rates the lowest
professional socioeconomic group
what class has the highest levels of obesity for men?
skilled manual class
what class has the highest levels of obesity for women?
unskilled class
in what city in england were 3/4 of the population obese
Rotheram
