Week 2 - Biochemistry

Question 1

Fischer Projection Vertical Bonds project out or into the paper?

Answer 1

in

Question 2

Fischer Projection Horizontal Bonds project out or into the paper?

Answer 2

out

Question 3

what is the Haworth projection good for?

Answer 3

helping to see cis-trans arrangement

Question 4

what is the conformational projection good for?

Answer 4

3D structure

Question 5

what is the difference between an aldose and ketose

Answer 5

aldehyde (on the end) and ketone (somewhere in the middle)

Question 6

what is an example of aldose?

Answer 6

D-glucose

Question 7

what is an example of a ketose?

Answer 7

fructose

Question 8

give 2 examples of a disaccharide

Answer 8

sucrose and lactose

Question 9

what are some functions of carbs?

Answer 9

fuel, energy storage, structural, intermediates of metabolism, recognition

Question 10

what is starch?

Answer 10

storage form of glucose in plants

Question 11

what is the shape of starch?

Answer 11

helical

Question 12

what is glycogen?

Answer 12

storage form of glucose in animals

Question 13

what is the shape of starch?

Answer 13

highly branched, helical and very water soluble

Question 14

what is cellulose?

Answer 14

structural form of glucose in long sheets which lie on top of each other, hydrogen bonds interact with other sheets

Question 15

oxidation is a loss of electrons, what is this equivalent to?

Answer 15

loss of hydrogens, gain of oxygen

Question 16

reduction is a gain of electrons, what is this equivalent to?

Answer 16

gain of hydrogens, loss of oxygen

Question 17

what are the end products of catabolism?

Answer 17

ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water

Question 18

what important coenzymes are used in metabolism?

Answer 18

NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2, FMN/FMNH2, Coenzyme A

Question 19

what is one way to describe the liver?

Answer 19

altruistic because a distributor of nutrients

Question 20

explain the hearts energy consumption qualities

Answer 20

abundant mitochondria because always pumping, only small amount of stored glycogen, can use multiple forms of energy

Question 21

explain the RBCs energy consumption qualities

Answer 21

totally anaerobic, no mitochondria, continuously uses glucose and releases lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis & pentose-P pathway)

Question 22

what is the primary signal in the fed state

Answer 22

insulin

Question 23

what is the primary signal in the starved state

Answer 23

glucagon

Question 24

what do cortisol and epinephrine do?

Answer 24

response to stress, mobilization of energy stores

Question 25

which enzyme phosphorylates glucose in the liver?

Answer 25

glucokinase

Question 26

which enzyme phosphorylates glucose in the muscle?

Answer 26

hexokinase

Question 27

what does the pentose-p shunt do?

Answer 27

generate NADPH and ribose

Question 28

describe cellular uptake in the liver?

Answer 28

GLUT-2, open door

Question 29

describe cellular uptake in the liver?

Answer 29

GLUT-4, skeletal muscle and adipose, insulin dependent

Question 30

PFK1 is inhibited by what?

Answer 30

ATP and citrate

Question 31

PFK1 is activated by what?

Answer 31

AMP and Fructose 2,6 bis phophate

Question 32

how does insulin affect the liver?

Answer 32

stimulates glycolysis

Question 33

how does glucagon affect the liver?

Answer 33

inhibits glycolysis

Question 34

pyruvate kinase is inhibited by what?

Answer 34

ATP and acetyl-CoA

Question 35

pyruvate kinase is activated by what?

Answer 35

AMP and fructose 1,6 bis phosphate

Question 36

which is metabolized quicker in the liver, glucose or fructose?

Answer 36

fructose because it is not regulated

Question 37

what if there is a deficiency of fructokinase?

Answer 37

it will be excreted in the urine, benign condition

Question 38

what is hereditary fructose intolerance caused by?

Answer 38

genetic deficiency of aldolase B, causes a shortage of ATP in the liver

Question 39

how is fructose metabolized in the liver?

Answer 39

directly phosphorylated by hexokinase --> to glycolysis

Question 40

what is a key point when sugars need to be interconverted?

Answer 40

uridine is used

Question 41

what is it called when there is a defect in any of the 3 enzymes involved in galactose metabolism?

Answer 41

galactosemia or galactosuria

Question 42

Where does pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle take place?

Answer 42

matrix of mitochondria

Question 43

what are the 4 alternate fates of pyruvate?

Answer 43

transamination to alanine, carboxylation to oxaloacytate, oxidative decarboxylation to Acetyl CoA, reduction to lactate

Question 44

what is coenzyme A made from?

Answer 44

vitamin B5

Question 45

what is NAD+ derived from?

Answer 45

vitamin B3

Question 46

what is FAD derived from?

Answer 46

vitamin B2

Question 47

what activates pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Answer 47

dephosphorylation, insulin in adipocytes and liver, catecholamines in heart, calcium in skeletal muscle

Question 48

what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase?

Answer 48

phosphorylation, Acetyl CoA, ATP, NADH

Question 49

thyroid hormones are synthesized by what?

Answer 49

tyrosine