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MSAP > Week 2 - Biochemistry > Flashcards

Week 2 - Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Fischer Projection Vertical Bonds project out or into the paper?

A

in

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2
Q

Fischer Projection Horizontal Bonds project out or into the paper?

A

out

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3
Q

what is the Haworth projection good for?

A

helping to see cis-trans arrangement

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4
Q

what is the conformational projection good for?

A

3D structure

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5
Q

what is the difference between an aldose and ketose

A

aldehyde (on the end) and ketone (somewhere in the middle)

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6
Q

what is an example of aldose?

A

D-glucose

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7
Q

what is an example of a ketose?

A

fructose

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8
Q

give 2 examples of a disaccharide

A

sucrose and lactose

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9
Q

what are some functions of carbs?

A

fuel, energy storage, structural, intermediates of metabolism, recognition

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10
Q

what is starch?

A

storage form of glucose in plants

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11
Q

what is the shape of starch?

A

helical

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12
Q

what is glycogen?

A

storage form of glucose in animals

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13
Q

what is the shape of starch?

A

highly branched, helical and very water soluble

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14
Q

what is cellulose?

A

structural form of glucose in long sheets which lie on top of each other, hydrogen bonds interact with other sheets

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15
Q

oxidation is a loss of electrons, what is this equivalent to?

A

loss of hydrogens, gain of oxygen

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16
Q

reduction is a gain of electrons, what is this equivalent to?

A

gain of hydrogens, loss of oxygen

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17
Q

what are the end products of catabolism?

A

ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water

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18
Q

what important coenzymes are used in metabolism?

A

NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2, FMN/FMNH2, Coenzyme A

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19
Q

what is one way to describe the liver?

A

altruistic because a distributor of nutrients

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20
Q

explain the hearts energy consumption qualities

A

abundant mitochondria because always pumping, only small amount of stored glycogen, can use multiple forms of energy

21
Q

explain the RBCs energy consumption qualities

A

totally anaerobic, no mitochondria, continuously uses glucose and releases lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis & pentose-P pathway)

22
Q

what is the primary signal in the fed state

A

insulin

23
Q

what is the primary signal in the starved state

A

glucagon

24
Q

what do cortisol and epinephrine do?

A

response to stress, mobilization of energy stores

25
Q

which enzyme phosphorylates glucose in the liver?

A

glucokinase

26
Q

which enzyme phosphorylates glucose in the muscle?

A

hexokinase

27
Q

what does the pentose-p shunt do?

A

generate NADPH and ribose

28
Q

describe cellular uptake in the liver?

A

GLUT-2, open door

29
Q

describe cellular uptake in the liver?

A

GLUT-4, skeletal muscle and adipose, insulin dependent

30
Q

PFK1 is inhibited by what?

A

ATP and citrate

31
Q

PFK1 is activated by what?

A

AMP and Fructose 2,6 bis phophate

32
Q

how does insulin affect the liver?

A

stimulates glycolysis

33
Q

how does glucagon affect the liver?

A

inhibits glycolysis

34
Q

pyruvate kinase is inhibited by what?

A

ATP and acetyl-CoA

35
Q

pyruvate kinase is activated by what?

A

AMP and fructose 1,6 bis phosphate

36
Q

which is metabolized quicker in the liver, glucose or fructose?

A

fructose because it is not regulated

37
Q

what if there is a deficiency of fructokinase?

A

it will be excreted in the urine, benign condition

38
Q

what is hereditary fructose intolerance caused by?

A

genetic deficiency of aldolase B, causes a shortage of ATP in the liver

39
Q

how is fructose metabolized in the liver?

A

directly phosphorylated by hexokinase –> to glycolysis

40
Q

what is a key point when sugars need to be interconverted?

A

uridine is used

41
Q

what is it called when there is a defect in any of the 3 enzymes involved in galactose metabolism?

A

galactosemia or galactosuria

42
Q

Where does pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle take place?

A

matrix of mitochondria

43
Q

what are the 4 alternate fates of pyruvate?

A

transamination to alanine, carboxylation to oxaloacytate, oxidative decarboxylation to Acetyl CoA, reduction to lactate

44
Q

what is coenzyme A made from?

A

vitamin B5

45
Q

what is NAD+ derived from?

A

vitamin B3

46
Q

what is FAD derived from?

A

vitamin B2

47
Q

what activates pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

dephosphorylation, insulin in adipocytes and liver, catecholamines in heart, calcium in skeletal muscle

48
Q

what inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

phosphorylation, Acetyl CoA, ATP, NADH

49
Q

thyroid hormones are synthesized by what?

A

tyrosine

MSAP (6 decks)

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