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Week 2 - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system branches

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic; minor third component is enteric

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2
Q

3 targets innervated by autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (VISCERAL)

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3
Q

location of preganglionic cell body

A

CNS

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4
Q

location of postganglionic cell body

A

autonomic ganglion

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5
Q

somatic nervous system characteristics

A

voluntary; motor - skeletal muscle, sensory - pain, pressure, proprioception, temp, touch

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6
Q

parasympathetic outflow on which nerves?

A

3,7,9,10 (vagus from top to bottom; S2-4 - pelvic splanchnic nerves (ONLY TO INTERIOR, NO TO LIMBS OR BODY WALL)

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7
Q

location of preganglionic cell bodies for sympathetic

A

lateral horn of spinal cord T1-L2

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8
Q

how do preganglionics exit the spinal cord

A

through the white rami communicans (WRC)

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9
Q

do sympathetics go to the entire body

A

yes

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10
Q

what is the role of the visceral afferents

A

sensory that accompany both SNS and PSNS, hitch hike, not technically part of autonomic

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11
Q

what are autonomic ganglia?

A

collection of nerve cells outside CNS, cell bodies of postganglionic nerve cells are found here

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12
Q

characteristics of the sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic chain ganglia found at all levels of the spine; preaortic sympathetic ganglia only in abdomen and associated with aorta

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13
Q

characteristics of the parasympathetic ganglia

A

discrete only in the head, rest of body have ganglia scattered at or near target organs

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14
Q

breakdown of T1-L2

A
  • somatic sensory - ventral or doral rami –> dorsal root –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal root –> dorsal horn
  • visceral sensory - WRC –> dorsal root –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal root –> dorsal horn
  • motor somatic - ventral horn –> ventral root –> ventral or dorsal rami
  • preganglionic SNS - lateral horn –> ventral root –> WRC
  • postganglionic SNS - GRC –> ventral or dorsal rami
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15
Q

explain above T1

A

presympathetic nerve rises in cervical chain ganglia (to body walls and limbs)

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16
Q

explain below L2

A

presympathetic nerve lowers in lumbar and sacral chain ganglia (to body walls and limbs)

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17
Q

sympathetic fibers to thoracic organs

A

chain ganglia T1-T4 –> exit ganglia postganglionically and medially –> cardiopulmonary plexus

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18
Q

cardiopulmonary plexus and development

A

during development the heart descends through the cervical region picking up and carrying along some of its sympathetic innervation from cervical chain ganglia

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19
Q

sympathetic fibers and abdominal organs

A

pass through sympathetic chain ganglia and synapse at preaortic ganglia –> post ganglionic on to GI organs; ex are the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

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20
Q

T5-T9

A

greater thoracic splanchnic nerve

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21
Q

T10-T11

A

lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve

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22
Q

T12

A

least thoracic splanchnic nerve

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23
Q

L1-L2

A

lumbar splanchnic nerve

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24
Q

visceral afferents travel with what?

A

SNS and PSNS

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25
what mediates unconscious sensation
visceral afferents traveling with the PSNS; GI stretch
26
what mediates conscious sensation
visceral afferents traveling with the SNS; heart attack
27
S2-4
lateral horn like area --> ventral root --> ventral ramus --> become pelvic splanchnic nerves --> inferior hypogastric plexus
28
postganglionic parasympathetics, describe
at or near organ of interest
29
cholinergic nerves release what?
ACh
30
adrenergic nerves release what?
Norepinephrine
31
all preganglionic nerves are what type of nerve/release what?
cholinergic and ACh
32
almost all parasympathetic postganglionic nerves are what type of nerve/release what?
cholinergic and ACh
33
most sympathetic postganglionic nerves are what type of nerve/release what?
adrenergic and Norepinephrine
34
what are the targets of sympathetic postganglionic nerves which are cholinergic and release ACh?
sweat glands, piloerector muscles, very few blood vessels
35
sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and very few blood vessels are activated by what type of nerve which releases what substance?
sympathetic postganglionic nerve which is cholinergic and release ACh
36
what is one muscle cell called?
a muscle fiber
37
what is a bundle of muscle cells called?
a fascicle
38
what is a bundle of fascicles called?
a muscle
39
what connects bone to muscle?
a tendon (ex Achilles tendon)
40
list the 4 arrangements of fascicles
parallel, fusiform, circular, and triangular
41
characteristics of an isotonic contraction
tension remains the same while muscle shortens, concentric=shortening, eccentric=lengthening
42
characteristics of isometric contraction
tension great enough to exceed objects being moved, muscle doesn't shorten
43
what is a prime mover?
prime responsibility of moving
44
what is an antagonist muscle?
opposes prime mover
45
what is a fixator muscle?
stabilizes the prime mover's origin
46
what is a synergist muscle?
stabilize intermediate joints while prime mover is on the move
47
describe the characteristics of muscle compartments
separated by fascia, arranged in layers, have groupings, usually share innervation, blood supply, and venous drainage
48
describe lateral flexion
picking up a teapot sideways
49
describe neck hyperextension
looking way up
50
describe neck extension
looking forward from down
51
describe neck flexion
looking down
52
describe neck rotation
looking from side to side
53
describe arm flexion
picking up something forwards
54
describe arm extension
from forward position to sides of body
55
describe arm hyperextension
arms back
56
describe lateral rotation of arms
humerus against body, reaching forearm out away from body
57
describe medial rotation of arms
humerus against body, reaching forearm coming towards body
58
describe circumduction
windmilling arms
59
describe abduction
whole arm out from body
60
describe adduction
whole arm towards body
61
describe hand flexion
palm towards body
62
describe forearm flexion
forearm towards body
63
describe pronation
pro basketball player
64
describe supination
oposite of pronation
65
describe wrist abduction
palm up, fingers away from body in a plane parallel to the floor
66
describe wrist adduction
palm up, fingers towards from body in a plane parallel to the floor
67
describe leg flexion
kick a ball
68
describe lower leg flexion
first kiss leg flip
69
describe ankle eversion
out
70
describe ankle inversion
in
71
describe dorsiflexion
toes up towards body
72
describe plantar flexion
toes out away from body
73
list the 3 types of muscle
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
74
endomysium
wraps muscle fiber
75
perimysium
around fascicle, functional unit, thicker than endomysium
76
epimysium
surrounds whole muscle
77
list of striated muscles
skeletal, visceral (tongue, pharynx diaphragm), cardiac
78
smooth muscles are not what?
striated
79
describe muscle fiber formation and development
1) fusion of myoblasts 2) line up and form tubes 3) myofilaments appear and nuclei are centralized 4) developing fibers thicken forming alternating rows of thin and thick filaments 5) nuclei move to the periphery
80
characteristics of skeletal muscle
striated, voluntary, multinucleated, long, cylindrical
81
function of skeletal muscle
locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expression; all under voluntary control
82
location of skeletal muscle
attached to bone and sometimes skin
83
characteristics of cardiac muscle
striated, involuntary, uninucleated and is in the center of the cell, interconnected by intercalated disks, branched, rich in mitochondria
84
characteristics of smooth muscle
non striated, involuntary, uninucleated in center of the cell, spindle-shaped, mostly in walls of hollow organs
85
what are the 4 distinct layers of the GI
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
86
3 functions of mucosa
protection, absorption, secretion
87
3 components of the mucosa
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
88
what is the lamina propria?
loose connective tissue, blood & lymph, mucosal glands, and GALT (gut associated lymph tissue
89
what is the muscularis mucosae?
usually 2 layers (inner circular, and outer longitudinal), contraction moves mucosa above, boundary between mucosa and submucosa
90
characteristics of the submucosa
dense irregular connective tissue, larger blood & lymph, occasional glands, submucosal (Meisnner's Plexus) plexus
91
what is the submucosal (Meisnner's Plexus) plexus?
part of ENS, parasympathetic ganglia and postganglionic fibers, innervate the muscularis mucosae
92
characteristics of the muscularis externa
2 concentric & thick muscle layers, peristalsis, myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
93
what are the 2 concentric & thick muscle layers?
inner circular - forms sphincters | outer longitudinal - propels content
94
What is the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus?
part of ENS, parasympathetic and postganglionic fibers, located between the 2 concentric muscle layers
95
What is Hirschsprung Disease?
congenital aganglionic megacolon, arises from a defect of the neural crest cells, results in lack of peristalsis and functional obstruction
96
describe the serosa
serous membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium part of the mesothelium
97
describe the adventitia
loose connective tissue, attaches structures to body walls, not in all parts of GI
98
peritoneum
largest serous membrane in the body, parietal and visceral
99
list the 3 salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
100
parotid gland, what type of gland?
serous gland
101
submandibular gland, what type of gland?
mixed, mostly serous
102
sublingual gland, what type of gland?
mixed, mostly mucous
103
describe filiform
small, conical, most numerous, no taste buds, highly keratinized stratified squamous
104
describe fungiform
mushroom shaped, more numerous at tip
105
describe foliate
rows separated by deep clefts, lateral edges of tongue
106
describe circumvallate
large, dome shaped, 8-12 anterior to sulcus terminalis, moat like invagination, lingual salivary glands (von Ebner's) - serous glands
107
name the 3 types of taste buds
neuroepithelial cells - actual tast bud, turnover 10 days, supporting cells - turnover 10 days, basal cells - stem cells

MSAP (6 decks)

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