Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSAP > Week 2 - Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 2 - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system branches

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic; minor third component is enteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 targets innervated by autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (VISCERAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

location of preganglionic cell body

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

location of postganglionic cell body

A

autonomic ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

somatic nervous system characteristics

A

voluntary; motor - skeletal muscle, sensory - pain, pressure, proprioception, temp, touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

parasympathetic outflow on which nerves?

A

3,7,9,10 (vagus from top to bottom; S2-4 - pelvic splanchnic nerves (ONLY TO INTERIOR, NO TO LIMBS OR BODY WALL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

location of preganglionic cell bodies for sympathetic

A

lateral horn of spinal cord T1-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do preganglionics exit the spinal cord

A

through the white rami communicans (WRC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

do sympathetics go to the entire body

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the role of the visceral afferents

A

sensory that accompany both SNS and PSNS, hitch hike, not technically part of autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are autonomic ganglia?

A

collection of nerve cells outside CNS, cell bodies of postganglionic nerve cells are found here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

characteristics of the sympathetic ganglia

A

sympathetic chain ganglia found at all levels of the spine; preaortic sympathetic ganglia only in abdomen and associated with aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

characteristics of the parasympathetic ganglia

A

discrete only in the head, rest of body have ganglia scattered at or near target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

breakdown of T1-L2

A
  • somatic sensory - ventral or doral rami –> dorsal root –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal root –> dorsal horn
  • visceral sensory - WRC –> dorsal root –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal root –> dorsal horn
  • motor somatic - ventral horn –> ventral root –> ventral or dorsal rami
  • preganglionic SNS - lateral horn –> ventral root –> WRC
  • postganglionic SNS - GRC –> ventral or dorsal rami
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

explain above T1

A

presympathetic nerve rises in cervical chain ganglia (to body walls and limbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain below L2

A

presympathetic nerve lowers in lumbar and sacral chain ganglia (to body walls and limbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sympathetic fibers to thoracic organs

A

chain ganglia T1-T4 –> exit ganglia postganglionically and medially –> cardiopulmonary plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cardiopulmonary plexus and development

A

during development the heart descends through the cervical region picking up and carrying along some of its sympathetic innervation from cervical chain ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sympathetic fibers and abdominal organs

A

pass through sympathetic chain ganglia and synapse at preaortic ganglia –> post ganglionic on to GI organs; ex are the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T5-T9

A

greater thoracic splanchnic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T10-T11

A

lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T12

A

least thoracic splanchnic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

L1-L2

A

lumbar splanchnic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

visceral afferents travel with what?

A

SNS and PSNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what mediates unconscious sensation

A

visceral afferents traveling with the PSNS; GI stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what mediates conscious sensation

A

visceral afferents traveling with the SNS; heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

S2-4

A

lateral horn like area –> ventral root –> ventral ramus –> become pelvic splanchnic nerves –> inferior hypogastric plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

postganglionic parasympathetics, describe

A

at or near organ of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

cholinergic nerves release what?

A

ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

adrenergic nerves release what?

A

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

all preganglionic nerves are what type of nerve/release what?

A

cholinergic and ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

almost all parasympathetic postganglionic nerves are what type of nerve/release what?

A

cholinergic and ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

most sympathetic postganglionic nerves are what type of nerve/release what?

A

adrenergic and Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the targets of sympathetic postganglionic nerves which are cholinergic and release ACh?

A

sweat glands, piloerector muscles, very few blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

sweat glands, piloerector muscles, and very few blood vessels are activated by what type of nerve which releases what substance?

A

sympathetic postganglionic nerve which is cholinergic and release ACh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is one muscle cell called?

A

a muscle fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is a bundle of muscle cells called?

A

a fascicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is a bundle of fascicles called?

A

a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what connects bone to muscle?

A

a tendon (ex Achilles tendon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

list the 4 arrangements of fascicles

A

parallel, fusiform, circular, and triangular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

characteristics of an isotonic contraction

A

tension remains the same while muscle shortens, concentric=shortening, eccentric=lengthening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

characteristics of isometric contraction

A

tension great enough to exceed objects being moved, muscle doesn’t shorten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is a prime mover?

A

prime responsibility of moving

44
Q

what is an antagonist muscle?

A

opposes prime mover

45
Q

what is a fixator muscle?

A

stabilizes the prime mover’s origin

46
Q

what is a synergist muscle?

A

stabilize intermediate joints while prime mover is on the move

47
Q

describe the characteristics of muscle compartments

A

separated by fascia, arranged in layers, have groupings, usually share innervation, blood supply, and venous drainage

48
Q

describe lateral flexion

A

picking up a teapot sideways

49
Q

describe neck hyperextension

A

looking way up

50
Q

describe neck extension

A

looking forward from down

51
Q

describe neck flexion

A

looking down

52
Q

describe neck rotation

A

looking from side to side

53
Q

describe arm flexion

A

picking up something forwards

54
Q

describe arm extension

A

from forward position to sides of body

55
Q

describe arm hyperextension

A

arms back

56
Q

describe lateral rotation of arms

A

humerus against body, reaching forearm out away from body

57
Q

describe medial rotation of arms

A

humerus against body, reaching forearm coming towards body

58
Q

describe circumduction

A

windmilling arms

59
Q

describe abduction

A

whole arm out from body

60
Q

describe adduction

A

whole arm towards body

61
Q

describe hand flexion

A

palm towards body

62
Q

describe forearm flexion

A

forearm towards body

63
Q

describe pronation

A

pro basketball player

64
Q

describe supination

A

oposite of pronation

65
Q

describe wrist abduction

A

palm up, fingers away from body in a plane parallel to the floor

66
Q

describe wrist adduction

A

palm up, fingers towards from body in a plane parallel to the floor

67
Q

describe leg flexion

A

kick a ball

68
Q

describe lower leg flexion

A

first kiss leg flip

69
Q

describe ankle eversion

A

out

70
Q

describe ankle inversion

A

in

71
Q

describe dorsiflexion

A

toes up towards body

72
Q

describe plantar flexion

A

toes out away from body

73
Q

list the 3 types of muscle

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

74
Q

endomysium

A

wraps muscle fiber

75
Q

perimysium

A

around fascicle, functional unit, thicker than endomysium

76
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds whole muscle

77
Q

list of striated muscles

A

skeletal, visceral (tongue, pharynx diaphragm), cardiac

78
Q

smooth muscles are not what?

A

striated

79
Q

describe muscle fiber formation and development

A

1) fusion of myoblasts
2) line up and form tubes
3) myofilaments appear and nuclei are centralized
4) developing fibers thicken forming alternating rows of thin and thick filaments
5) nuclei move to the periphery

80
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

striated, voluntary, multinucleated, long, cylindrical

81
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expression; all under voluntary control

82
Q

location of skeletal muscle

A

attached to bone and sometimes skin

83
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

striated, involuntary, uninucleated and is in the center of the cell, interconnected by intercalated disks, branched, rich in mitochondria

84
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A

non striated, involuntary, uninucleated in center of the cell, spindle-shaped, mostly in walls of hollow organs

85
Q

what are the 4 distinct layers of the GI

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

86
Q

3 functions of mucosa

A

protection, absorption, secretion

87
Q

3 components of the mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

88
Q

what is the lamina propria?

A

loose connective tissue, blood & lymph, mucosal glands, and GALT (gut associated lymph tissue

89
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae?

A

usually 2 layers (inner circular, and outer longitudinal), contraction moves mucosa above, boundary between mucosa and submucosa

90
Q

characteristics of the submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue, larger blood & lymph, occasional glands, submucosal (Meisnner’s Plexus) plexus

91
Q

what is the submucosal (Meisnner’s Plexus) plexus?

A

part of ENS, parasympathetic ganglia and postganglionic fibers, innervate the muscularis mucosae

92
Q

characteristics of the muscularis externa

A

2 concentric & thick muscle layers, peristalsis, myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

93
Q

what are the 2 concentric & thick muscle layers?

A

inner circular - forms sphincters

outer longitudinal - propels content

94
Q

What is the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus?

A

part of ENS, parasympathetic and postganglionic fibers, located between the 2 concentric muscle layers

95
Q

What is Hirschsprung Disease?

A

congenital aganglionic megacolon, arises from a defect of the neural crest cells, results in lack of peristalsis and functional obstruction

96
Q

describe the serosa

A

serous membrane composed of simple squamous epithelium part of the mesothelium

97
Q

describe the adventitia

A

loose connective tissue, attaches structures to body walls, not in all parts of GI

98
Q

peritoneum

A

largest serous membrane in the body, parietal and visceral

99
Q

list the 3 salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

100
Q

parotid gland, what type of gland?

A

serous gland

101
Q

submandibular gland, what type of gland?

A

mixed, mostly serous

102
Q

sublingual gland, what type of gland?

A

mixed, mostly mucous

103
Q

describe filiform

A

small, conical, most numerous, no taste buds, highly keratinized stratified squamous

104
Q

describe fungiform

A

mushroom shaped, more numerous at tip

105
Q

describe foliate

A

rows separated by deep clefts, lateral edges of tongue

106
Q

describe circumvallate

A

large, dome shaped, 8-12 anterior to sulcus terminalis, moat like invagination, lingual salivary glands (von Ebner’s) - serous glands

107
Q

name the 3 types of taste buds

A

neuroepithelial cells - actual tast bud, turnover 10 days, supporting cells - turnover 10 days, basal cells - stem cells

MSAP (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions