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MSAP > Week 1 - Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 1 - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Largest organelle in the cell?

A

nucleus

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2
Q

Components of Nucleus?

A

nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, nucleolus

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3
Q

Outer nuclear membrane is continuous with what?

A

ER

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4
Q

Nuclear lamina made of what?

A

intermediate filaments, lamin A & B

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5
Q

What is the nuclear pore complex?

A

allows transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

less condensed and more transcriptionally active

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7
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

more condensed, less transcriptionally active

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8
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

site of ribosomal RNA transcription and ribosomal subunit assembly

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9
Q

what is a nucleosome?

A

macromolecular complex with 8 histone and 2 loops of DNA + histone 1

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10
Q

what are beads on a string?

A

DNA wrapped around histones

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11
Q

what are the 30nm fibril

A

a bunch of nucleosomes

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12
Q

how many subunits per ribosome

A

2

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13
Q

name two populations of ribosomes

A

membrane bound and free

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14
Q

what is a polyribosome

A

many ribosomes bound to a single mRNA molecule

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15
Q

functions of ER

A

lipid and protein biosynthesis

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16
Q

rough ER function

A

protein syntheis

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17
Q

smooth ER function

A

lipid metabolism, detoxification, sequester calcium

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18
Q

two faces of golgi apparatus and function

A

cis incoming, trans outgoing, post-translational modifications like glycosylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, sorting, and packaging

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19
Q

3 destinations after Golgi

A

lysosomal vesicles, secretory vesicles, membrane vesicles

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20
Q

what type of DNA do mitochondria have?

A

double stranded circular

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21
Q

Where do we find a lot of peroxisomes and why?

A

liver, peroxisomes use catalase and also detoxify alcohol

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22
Q

What is actin made of?

A

g-actin=free actin, f-actin=polymerized and ATP dependant

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23
Q

How is actin polymerized?

A

plus and minus end, + end bound to ATP, - end bound to ADP

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24
Q

Function of actin?

A

anchoring, core of microvilli and sterocilia, cell motility, extension of cell processes

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25
Q

Where is actin extremely important?

A

muscles, along with myosin II

26
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

rope like, 8 intertwined form, thicker than actin

27
Q

Are intermediate filaments polarized?

A

no

28
Q

Functions of intermediate filaments?

A

stabilize cell structure, resist shearing forces

29
Q

What are microtubules?

A

non-branching, rigid, and hollow tubes

30
Q

what are microtubules made of?

A

alpha and beta tubulin which are GTP dependant

31
Q

Are microtubules polar?

A

yes

32
Q

what are the functions of microtubules?

A

intracellular transport, cell motility, mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis, rigid intracellular skeleton, can be assesmbled or disassembles

33
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

are where perpendicular centrioles are found, have gamma tubulin ring complexes and initiate microtubule formations, + grows towards periphery

34
Q

what are centrioles

A

9 triplets, 1 complete and 2 incomplete fused

35
Q

what is the function of the centrioles

A

organize the centrosome, basal body formation for cilia and flagella, mitotic spindle formation

36
Q

What are kinesins?

A

move in + direction and slower than dynesins

37
Q

What are dynesins?

A

move in - directions, fast, big, motor protein for cilia

38
Q

Describe structure of cilia?

A

9+2, dyneins!, anchored via basal body

39
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

produce hormones but don’t have ducts, ex thyroid

40
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A

produce hormones but have ducts

41
Q

merocrine glands

A

most common, release secretory product through exocytosis

42
Q

apocrine glands

A

apical surface breaks off, more lipid content, milk and ear wax

43
Q

holocrine glands

A

secretory product accumulates, cell dies, entire cell becomes the secretory product

44
Q

name a unicellular gland

A

goblet cells

45
Q

simple vs compound glands

A

unbranched vs branched

46
Q

tubular gland

A

thin long

47
Q

ascinar gland

A

rounded tube

48
Q

tubuloascinar

A

both thin and round

49
Q

serous glands

A

watery, poorly glycosylated or nonglycosylated protein secretions

50
Q

example of serous glands

A

pancreas

51
Q

tight junctions are made of ?

A

occludin and claudin

52
Q

tight junctions are linked to?

A

actin

53
Q

adherens junctions are linked to?

A

actin

54
Q

what is the adhesion belt?

A

line of adherens junctions around edge of cell to provide lateral adhesion

55
Q

tight junctions are made of?

A

cadherins linked by calcium

56
Q

what are desmosomes?

A

spotwelds of cell

57
Q

desomosomes are linked together by?

A

desmocollins and desmogleins

58
Q

desmosomes are linked to the cell by what?

A

intermediate filaments

59
Q

hemidesmosomes are linked to the cell by what?

A

intermediate filaments

60
Q

hemidesmosomes are linked to what outside the cell?

A

basement membrane by integrins

61
Q

gap junctions are made of what?

A

6 subunits on each side for a full 12, made of connexins

MSAP (6 decks)

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