Week 1 - Anatomy

Question 1

Largest organelle in the cell?

Answer 1

nucleus

Question 2

Components of Nucleus?

Answer 2

nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, nucleolus

Question 3

Outer nuclear membrane is continuous with what?

Answer 3

ER

Question 4

Nuclear lamina made of what?

Answer 4

intermediate filaments, lamin A & B

Question 5

What is the nuclear pore complex?

Answer 5

allows transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 6

What is euchromatin?

Answer 6

less condensed and more transcriptionally active

Question 7

what is heterochromatin

Answer 7

more condensed, less transcriptionally active

Question 8

what is the nucleolus?

Answer 8

site of ribosomal RNA transcription and ribosomal subunit assembly

Question 9

what is a nucleosome?

Answer 9

macromolecular complex with 8 histone and 2 loops of DNA + histone 1

Question 10

what are beads on a string?

Answer 10

DNA wrapped around histones

Question 11

what are the 30nm fibril

Answer 11

a bunch of nucleosomes

Question 12

how many subunits per ribosome

Answer 12

2

Question 13

name two populations of ribosomes

Answer 13

membrane bound and free

Question 14

what is a polyribosome

Answer 14

many ribosomes bound to a single mRNA molecule

Question 15

functions of ER

Answer 15

lipid and protein biosynthesis

Question 16

rough ER function

Answer 16

protein syntheis

Question 17

smooth ER function

Answer 17

lipid metabolism, detoxification, sequester calcium

Question 18

two faces of golgi apparatus and function

Answer 18

cis incoming, trans outgoing, post-translational modifications like glycosylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, sorting, and packaging

Question 19

3 destinations after Golgi

Answer 19

lysosomal vesicles, secretory vesicles, membrane vesicles

Question 20

what type of DNA do mitochondria have?

Answer 20

double stranded circular

Question 21

Where do we find a lot of peroxisomes and why?

Answer 21

liver, peroxisomes use catalase and also detoxify alcohol

Question 22

What is actin made of?

Answer 22

g-actin=free actin, f-actin=polymerized and ATP dependant

Question 23

How is actin polymerized?

Answer 23

plus and minus end, + end bound to ATP, - end bound to ADP

Question 24

Function of actin?

Answer 24

anchoring, core of microvilli and sterocilia, cell motility, extension of cell processes

Question 25

Where is actin extremely important?

Answer 25

muscles, along with myosin II

Question 26

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 26

rope like, 8 intertwined form, thicker than actin

Question 27

Are intermediate filaments polarized?

Answer 27

no

Question 28

Functions of intermediate filaments?

Answer 28

stabilize cell structure, resist shearing forces

Question 29

What are microtubules?

Answer 29

non-branching, rigid, and hollow tubes

Question 30

what are microtubules made of?

Answer 30

alpha and beta tubulin which are GTP dependant

Question 31

Are microtubules polar?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

what are the functions of microtubules?

Answer 32

intracellular transport, cell motility, mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis, rigid intracellular skeleton, can be assesmbled or disassembles

Question 33

What is the centrosome?

Answer 33

are where perpendicular centrioles are found, have gamma tubulin ring complexes and initiate microtubule formations, + grows towards periphery

Question 34

what are centrioles

Answer 34

9 triplets, 1 complete and 2 incomplete fused

Question 35

what is the function of the centrioles

Answer 35

organize the centrosome, basal body formation for cilia and flagella, mitotic spindle formation

Question 36

What are kinesins?

Answer 36

move in + direction and slower than dynesins

Question 37

What are dynesins?

Answer 37

move in - directions, fast, big, motor protein for cilia

Question 38

Describe structure of cilia?

Answer 38

9+2, dyneins!, anchored via basal body

Question 39

what are endocrine glands?

Answer 39

produce hormones but don't have ducts, ex thyroid

Question 40

what are exocrine glands?

Answer 40

produce hormones but have ducts

Question 41

merocrine glands

Answer 41

most common, release secretory product through exocytosis

Question 42

apocrine glands

Answer 42

apical surface breaks off, more lipid content, milk and ear wax

Question 43

holocrine glands

Answer 43

secretory product accumulates, cell dies, entire cell becomes the secretory product

Question 44

name a unicellular gland

Answer 44

goblet cells

Question 45

simple vs compound glands

Answer 45

unbranched vs branched

Question 46

tubular gland

Answer 46

thin long

Question 47

ascinar gland

Answer 47

rounded tube

Question 48

tubuloascinar

Answer 48

both thin and round

Question 49

serous glands

Answer 49

watery, poorly glycosylated or nonglycosylated protein secretions

Question 50

example of serous glands

Answer 50

pancreas

Question 51

tight junctions are made of ?

Answer 51

occludin and claudin

Question 52

tight junctions are linked to?

Answer 52

actin

Question 53

adherens junctions are linked to?

Answer 53

actin

Question 54

what is the adhesion belt?

Answer 54

line of adherens junctions around edge of cell to provide lateral adhesion

Question 55

tight junctions are made of?

Answer 55

cadherins linked by calcium

Question 56

what are desmosomes?

Answer 56

spotwelds of cell

Question 57

desomosomes are linked together by?

Answer 57

desmocollins and desmogleins

Question 58

desmosomes are linked to the cell by what?

Answer 58

intermediate filaments

Question 59

hemidesmosomes are linked to the cell by what?

Answer 59

intermediate filaments

Question 60

hemidesmosomes are linked to what outside the cell?

Answer 60

basement membrane by integrins

Question 61

gap junctions are made of what?

Answer 61

6 subunits on each side for a full 12, made of connexins