Week 2: Airway and Lung Anatomy, Histology and Development Flashcards
List 4 functions of the lung and airways, starting with its main function
-provide O2 and dispose of CO2 - warm and moisten air - provide immunological defence - provide ciliary defence
Fill the blanks
- superior concha 2. middle concha 3. opening of pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube) 4. nasopharynx 5. soft pallate 6. inferior concha
What are the spaces under the nasal conchae called?
Meatuses
What are the paranasal sinuses?
-frontal - sphenoidal - ethmoidal - maxillay
Fill the blanks
- frontal sinuses 2. cells of ethmoid sinuses 3. orbital plate of ethmoid bone 4. maxillary sinuses 5. roots of posterior upper molars
Fill the blanks
- frontal sinus 2. sphenoid sinus
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
-weight reduction of skeleton - humidifying air - adding resonance to speech - crush zone: absorbing some shock from blows to the face
Name the sections of the pharynx from top to bottom
-nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx
What are the functions of the larynx?
-provide an open airway for breathing - control coordination of food and air via epiglottis - phonation - can be closed for increased intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure and provide protection to airways from foreign matter.
Fill the blanks
- hyoid bone 2. hyo-epiglottic ligament 3. later thyrohyoid ligaments 4. triticeal cartilage 5. aperture for internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve and artery 6. thyrohyoid membrane 7. median thyrohyoid ligament 8. cricotracheal ligament
Fill the blanks
- epiglottis 2. thyroid cartilage 3. cricoid cartilage 4. cuneiform cartilages 5. corniculate cartilages 6. arytenoid cartilages
Fill the blanks
- aryepiglottic muscle 2. superior thyroid notch 3. saccule 4. thyroarytenoid muscle
What is the innervation of the laryngeal muscles?
the crycothyroid muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve, all others are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal
Fill the blanks
- normal relaxed state 2. forced respiration 3. phonation 4. whispering 5. conus elasticus 6. lamina or thyroid cartilage 7. vocal ligaments 8. rima glottidis 9. arytenoid cartilage 10. lamina of cricoid cartilage
how many cartilagenous tracheal rings are there?
16-20
Which tracheal muscle contracts during coughing and sneezing?
trachealis muscle
List the 3 branches in sequential order that arise from the trachea
- primary bronchi (2) - secondary (lobar) bronchi (3 right, 2 left) - segmental bronchi
How do the right and left main bronchi differ?
The right is shorter and wider and has 3 secondary bronchi, while the left has 2
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there and how do these correlate with vascularisation?
10 per lung. each segment has its own bronchus, supplied by a pulmonary artery and vein
What is the diameter of bronchioles?
<1mm
Fill the blanks
- alveoli 2. alveolar duct 3. alveolar sac 4. respiratory bronchioles 5. terminal bronchiole
What is the root of the lung?
The root of the lung is located in a medial region named the hilum. It contains pulmonary arteries, veins, bronchi, lymphatics and nerves.
What are the pleurae?
These are the 2 serous membranes with surround the lungs, consisting of the parietal pleura, the visceral pleura and the serous fluid in between. These structures allow friction-free movement of the lungs
Fill the blanks
- horizontal (aka trnasverse) fissure 2. oblique fissure 3. superior lobe 4. middle lobe 5. inferior lobe 6. oblique fissure 7. superior lobe 8. inferior lobe
What is a pleural recess?
An area which is not occupied by lung during normal respiration but which will fill during deep respiration
What are pleural reflections?
Abrupt lines of direction change of pleura
Describe the main innervation of the lung
Parasympathetic via vagus. Stimulation of cholinergic nerves causes bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and bronchial vasodilation. Sympathetic innervation is via cervical and thoracic ganglia. The trachea is equally innervated by both systems, but the lobes of the lung are mostly controlled by the vagus nerve
Describe the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract
- stratified squamous epithelium: vestibule, oropharynx, vocal cords, epiglottis - pseudostratified cicliated columnar (respiratory) epithelium: rest of upper respiratory tract