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BISC 101 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

steroids

A

A family of lipids distinguished by the bulky, four-ring structure. They differ from one another by the functional groups or side group attached to different carbons in those hydrophobic rings.

e.g. Cholesterol; hydrophilic hydroxyl group attached to the top ring and an isoprenoid “tail” attached at the bottom. Important component of plasma membrane.

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2
Q

fats

A

Nonpolar molecules composed of three fatty acids linked to a three-carbon molecules called glycerol (thus triglycerides). The primary role of fats is energy storage.

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3
Q

ester linkage

A

Link formed by dehydration reaction between fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.
Fats are not a polymer, fatty acids are not a monomer.

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4
Q

phospholipids

A

Consists of a glycerol linked to a phosphate group and two hydrocarbon chains of either isoprenoids or fatty acids. P-group is also bonded to a small organic molecules (charged or polar; e.g. choline).

Protection against harsh environments as well as membrane stability.

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5
Q

amphipathic

A

Substances that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

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6
Q

lipid bilayer

A

Created when lipids molecules with two-hydrocarbon tails align in paired sheets.

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7
Q

vesicles

A

Small bubble-like structures consisting of lipid bilayers surrounding a small amount of aqueous solution.

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8
Q

liposomes

A

Artificially generated membrane-bound vesicles which mimics a membrane-bounded cell.

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9
Q

permeability

A

Tendency to allow a given substance to pass through it.

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10
Q

selective permeability

A

Some substances cross a membrane more easily than other substances do.

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11
Q

concentration gradient

A

Difference in the concentration of molecules in different regions that allows diffusion.

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12
Q

diffusion

A

The net movement of molecules from a region where they are abundant to a region where they are not.

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13
Q

passive transport

A

Substances diffusing across a membrane in the absence of an outside energy source.

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14
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water.

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

Outside solution containing more solutes than the solution on the other side of the membrane.

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16
Q

hypotonic

A

Outside solution containing fewer solutes than the solution on the other side of the membrane.

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17
Q

isotonic

A

Outside solution containing equal amount of solutes than the solution on the other side of the membrane.

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18
Q

fluid-mosaic model

A

Membranes are a dynamic and fluid mosaic of phospholipids and different types of proteins.

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19
Q

integral/ transmembrane protein

A

Proteins that span the membrane and have segments facing both the interior and exterior of the cell.

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20
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

Proteins that bind to membrane lipids or integral membrane proteins without passing through.

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21
Q

ion channels

A

Specialized transmembrane proteins aiding ions in crossing the cell membranes.

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22
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

Used to describe ion diffusion based on its concentration and net charge across membrane-bound regions.

23
Q

channel proteins

A

Pore-like substance shown to be embedded in cell membranes which assists in diffusion. Some can be ion channels or for smaller polar molecules. Channel’s pore is hydrophiilic relative to the hydrophobic residues facing the hydrocarbon tails of the membrane.

24
Q

aquaporins

A

Channel protein that allow water to cross the plasma membrane but exclude most other molecules and ions. Helps water molecules cross the membrane at an increased pace. Has a pore that is lined with polar functional groups that interacts with water, and key side chains in the interior of the pore function as a filter.

25
Q

gated diffusion

A

They open or close in response to a signal; e.g. two ATP molecules binding to several phosphate groups attached to the extended portion of the protein into the cell - which in turn allows the gate to open and allows the diffusion of molecules.

26
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion where transmembrane proteins assist the passive transport of substances that otherwise would not cross a membrane readily.

27
Q

carrier proteins

A

Special membrane protein which undergo shape changes that pick up a solute on one side of the membrane, then drop it off on the other side.

28
Q

active transport

A

Transporting against a gradient which requires energy from ATP to counteract the decrease in entropy that occurs when molecules or ions are concentrated.

29
Q

pump

A

An active transport protein which ATP often provides energy for active transport by transferring a phosphate group (HPO4^2-) to.

30
Q

sodium-protein pump

NA+/K+-ATPase; -ase denotes the protein as an enzyme

A

Active transport protein which establish two ion gradients across the plasma membrane; more sodium outside the cells, more potassium inside the cells.

31
Q

coupled transporter

A

Membrane proteins using the gradient of one molecule to power the movement of another molecule.

32
Q

cotransporters/symporters

A

Transporters that transport the cargo in the same direction. (SGLT-1; sodium-glucose cotransporter 1)

33
Q

exchangers/antiporters

A

Transporters that transport the cargo in the opposite direction. (Sodium-Calcium exchangers that export CA+2 from nerve cells while letting in NA+ ions)

34
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Stores genetic information and is replicated using proteins.

35
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that there was a stage in the evolution of life when ribonucleic acid (RNA) both stored genetic information and catalyzed its own replication

36
Q

nucleic acids

A

Polymers like amino acids which are made up of monomers called nucleotides.

37
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers formed with three components; a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

38
Q

ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides

A

Monomers of RNA and DNA (deoxy=lacking oxygen) respectably, RNA has -OH group in both 2’ and 3’ while DNA has -H group at 2’ and -OH group at 3’.

39
Q

purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G)
-Double rings; formed with nine carbon atoms instead instead of six; hence the name -nines.

Pyrimidines: cytosine (C), thymine (T) uracil (U; RNA only)

40
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

A nucleotide which contains; ribose, adenine, three phosphate. Ribose sugar and adenine base is a part of a smaller molecule nucleoside.

41
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

Linkage formed when nucleotides polymerize via condensation reactions between the hydroxyl on the sugar component of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another, forming a covalent bond.
(Connects 3’ carbon of one nucleotide to 5’ of another.)

42
Q

antiparallel

A

Two parallel strands of DNA oriented in opposite directions.

43
Q

double helix

A

Antiparallel strands were predicted to be twisted together to form a double helix.

complimentary base/Watson-Crick pairing

44
Q

hairpin

A

Stem and loop configuration forms a type of secondary structure of unpaired nucleotides within RNA.

45
Q

ribozymes / RNA enzymes

A

Catalyze reactions similar to protein enzymes. Tertiary forms of RNA.

46
Q

messenger RNA / mRNA

A

RNA molecule which carries information out of the nucleus from DNA to the site of protein synthesis.

47
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme which polymerized ribonucleotides into strands of RNA.

48
Q

central dogma of biology

A

Summarizes the flow of information in cells.

DNA ->RNA->proteins

49
Q

DNA replication

A

Replication of DNA which is an information storage molecule.

50
Q

RNA synthesis

A

RNA molecules are being transcribing a section of DNA.

51
Q

transcription

A

Copying a section of DNA.

52
Q

protein synthesis

A

RNA carries instruction to create proteins.

53
Q

translation

A

Formation of protein by a process involving the conversion of a nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence.

BISC 101 (4 decks)

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