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PSYC2020 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), also
Enteric Nervous System (Gut)

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Efferent Nerves

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System

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5
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

(Incoming)

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6
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

(Outgoing)

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7
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord
Encased in bone
Networks of interconnected neurons
Processing of information

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Outside the skull and spine
Nerves – bundles of separate neurons
Transmission of information
Connects the CNS with the rest of the body

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

Voluntary

Interaction with the environment

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10
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Involuntary

Regulate the body

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11
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Afferent

A

Incoming signals
Sensory info into the CNS
Exteroceptive sense organs
Information to enable interaction with the world

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12
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Efferent

A

Outgoing signals
Motor commands from the CNS
Skeletal Muscle
Facilitate bodies interaction with the world

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Afferent

A

Incoming signals
Sensory info into the CNS
Interoceptive sense organs (viscera and blood vessels)
Information about the body’s internal state

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Efferent

A

Outgoing signals
Motor commands from the CNS
Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Change the body’s internal state

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15
Q

ANS Efferents

Sympathetic

A 
Fight or flight
Stimulate organs and release hormones to wind things up
Mobilise energy sources
Increase blood flow and respiration
Supress non-essentials
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16
Q

ANS Efferents

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest
Counteract sympathetic to wind things down
Stimulate digestion and restorative functions
Conserve energy

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17
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs
Connect directly to the brain
Some purely sensory, some purely motor, some both

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18
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs
Connect to the spinal cord
All are both sensory and motor

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19
Q

What are the Cranial Nerves

A 
Olfactory (smell) (S)
Optic (sight) (S)
Occulomotor (eye movement) (M)
Trochlear (eye movement) (M)
Trigeminal (facial sensations, chewing) (B)
Abducens (eye movement) (M)
Facial (taste - front 2/3 of tongue) (B)
Auditory/Vestibular (S)
Glossopharyngeal (taste -  back 1/3 of tongue) (B)
Vagus (organs) (B)
Spinal Accessory (neck, shoulders, head) (M)
Hypoglossal (tongue movement) (M)
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20
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Dorsal root, Dorsal root ganglion

Ventral root, Ventral root ganglion

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21
Q

Parasympathetic

From brain, lower back

A 
thetic
stimulates flow of saliva
slows heartbeat 
constricts bronchi
stimulates peristalsis and secretion
stimulates release of bile
contracts bladder
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22
Q

Sympathetic

From chest, mid-lower back

A 
tic
dilates pupil
inhibits flow of saliva
accelerates heartbeat
dilates bronchi
inhibits peristalsis and secretion
conversion of glycogen to glucose
secretion of adrenalin and noradrenaline
inhibits bladder contraction
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23
Q

Neurons

A

Main functional cells of the nervous system

Collect, integrate and transmit information

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24
Q

Glia

A

Glia support neurons

Numerous types and many function

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25
Q

Neuron Terminology

A

Clusters of cells within the CNS - Nuclei
Clusters of cells in the PNS – Ganglia

Clusters of axons within the CNS - Tracts
Clusters of axons in the PNS - Nerves

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26
Q

4 main types of neuron

A

unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
multipolar interneuron

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27
Q

Unipolar neuron

A

Sensory neurons transfer information from receptor cells to higher nerve cells

28
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Connecting adjacent cells typically in sensory system (e.g. retina)

29
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Transfer information between cells usually long distance; can collect and integrate info from many cells

30
Q

Multipolar Interneuron

A

Local connections collect and integrate info from many cells

31
Q

4 Main Types of Glial Cell

A

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
Microglia
Astrocytes

32
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelination in CNS

33
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelination in PNS

34
Q

Microglia

A

Immune function

35
Q

Astrocytes

A

Numerous structural and functional support

36
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

13-14 million neurons
Protected by the vertebral column (and meninges)
Doesn’t go full length of the spine
Loose bundle of nerves below L2 – Cauda Equina (horses tail)
Messages to and from the brain
Also simple processing – reflex arcs

37
Q

The Spinal Cord

Unipolar

A

afferent neurons join the dorsal horn - both somatic (skeletal / sensory) and autonomic (internal organs) systems.

38
Q

The Spinal Cord

Multipolar

A

efferent neurons have their cell bodies in the ventral root. Their axons project out to somatic and autonomic systems.

39
Q

Spinal reflex arc

A

receptors in skin signal message through sensory neuron via spinal cord (CNS) to brain and relay neuron which via motor neuron signals to the effector = muscle to move

40
Q

The Brain

Development of the neural tube

A

convergence of the neural plate at the neural plate border with the epidermis to form a neural fold which forms the neural tube, neural crest and epidermis

41
Q

The Brain

formation

A

Cells proliferate and the tube thickens

3 bulges form at the rostral end- forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord
then forms telecephalon (cerebral hemispheres), Diencephalon, Mesencephalon (midbrain), Metencephalon, Myelencephalon and spinal cord

42
Q

Diencephalon not brainstem

A

Connects forebrain to spinal cord
White matter outside with grey matter inside in discrete nuclei
3 major levels
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
All head muscles supplied by cranial nerves from the brainstem

43
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla

Caudal brainstem – blends into spinal cord
Primarily axonal tracts
Pyramidal tracts – ‘decussation of the pyramids’
Head and neck movement
Vital functions
Portion of reticular formation (net-like formation) - arousal.

44
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum

Tracts of nerves and a portion of the reticular formation.
Pons – vital functions relay centre – ‘bridge’; head muscle control
Cerebellum - sensory and motor control; cognitive

45
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

tectum 
and tegmentum
Tectum
superior and inferior colliculi
Visual and auditory orienting of attention
Multisensory integration

Tegmentum
Portion ventral to tectum
Periaqueductal grey matter
Substantia nigra

46
Q

Mesencephalon

Parkinson’s Disease

A 
Loss of dopamine neurons in SN
Project to basal ganglia
Important for movement control
Tremor or shaking
Muscle rigidity or stiffness
Slowing of movement
Stooped posture
Balance problems.
47
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forebrain

2 major parts
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

2 major endocrine glans
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland

48
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station – all sensory except smell relays through thalamus
Also receives many cortical projections
Integration of bottom-up inputs and top-down
Many separate nuclei
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus first synapse after the optic nerve leaves the eye
Medial Geniculate Nucleus Auditory relay
Ventro Posterior Nucleus Sensorimotor relay

49
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Ventral part of diencephalon
Control centre for autonomic nervous system
Inputs from many brain and body systems
Outputs to brainstem (ANS) and pituitary gland (endocrine)
Homeostasis
Regulation of motivated behaviours – eating, sleeping, sexual

50
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forebrain

Collection of subcortical nuclei

Cerebral cortex

51
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Control of movement
Learning and motivation
Striatum – caudate + putamen

52
Q

Limbic System

A

Midline structures circling the thalamus
Regulation of motivated behaviours - The Four Fs
Affect/emotion
Amygdala – learned fear response; recognition of emotion in others
Hippocampus – long term memory

53
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Layer of grey matter covering the cerebral hemispheres
Folded – Gyri (ridges) and Sulci (fissures)
2 Hemispheres connected by corpus collosum
4 lobes
Many regions or areas based on location (e.g. PFC), function (e.g. FEF), or cytoarchitecture (e.g. Brodmann areas)
28 billion neurons
>1 trillion synapses
>80% human brain mass

54
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Frontal Lobe

A

Thinking, planning, executive functions, motor execution

55
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatosensory perception, spatial perception

56
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory, language, long term memory, emotion

57
Q

Cerebral Cortex

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual

58
Q

Main Neuron Types

A

Pyramidal
Most common cortical neuron
Large bodies, multipolar, long axon goes down and inward through layers
Projection neurons – connect disparate brain regions or leave the brain (to spinal cord)

Stellate
small, star-shaped short / no axons; transmit info laterally
Local – interneurons

59
Q

Layers of Neocortex

A

Most cortex neocortex – new
6 layered outer covering of the cerebral hemisphere
Each layer differs in the relative concentration of stellate and pyramidal cells, in the relative size and concentration of cell bodies
Layer IV is thick in sensory areas – Input
Layer V – mainly pyramidal cells with long axons - in motor areas - output

60
Q

Protecting the Brain

A 
Physical protection from mechanical injury
Skull
3 Meninges (Dura Mater, Pia Mater, Arachnoid) – membranous coverings around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – supports and cushions

Chemical protection – maintaining chemical balance
The blood-brain barrier
Tightly packed cells along the blood vessel walls of the CNS prevent entry of many (large) molecules.
Good and bad (eg L-Dopa)

61
Q

Physical Protection

A

Scalp, Skull, Dura Mater, Pia Mater, Arachnoid, Subarachnoid

space, Sinus

62
Q

The Ventricles

A

Lateral- between the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
Third- between the diencephalon
Cerebral aqueduct- between the mesencephalon (midbrain)
Fourth between teh metencephalon
Central Canal- between the spinal cord

63
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Produced by choroid plexuses in ventricles

Circulates subarachnoid space, ventricles and central canal

Excess drains into sinuses in the dura mater

If drainage is blocked - hydrocephalus

64
Q

Commisurotomies / callosotomies

A

Antecedent: usually sever epilepsy
Procedure: callosotomy, anterior commissurotomy
Consequence: reduction of seizures
Behavioural consequence: very little
Experimental consequence: sensory information presented to one hemisphere is not available to guide behaviour in the other hemisphere

65
Q

Split Brains

A

Visual information – left visual field to right hemisphere and right visual field to left hemisphere
Intact brain – information can cross between hemispheres via the corpus callosum
Callosotomy – lose communication
Left hemisphere ignorant of left visual field
Right hemisphere ignorant of right visual field

66
Q

Key Learnings

A

Divisions in pairs
CNS – processing / PNS – transmitting
Afferent/efferent – SNS and ANS
Sympathetic vs parasympathetic
Communicate to body via cranial (12 pairs) and spinal (31 pairs) nerves
2 cell major cells – neurons and glia (4 types of each)
Spinal cord – central grey and peripheral white; unipolar afferents, multipolar efferents
Brain – development for 5 major divisions
Brainstem – myelencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon
Diencephalon – thalamus and hypothalamus
Telencephalon – cortex and subcortical nuclei (basal ganglia and limbic system)
Cortex – lobes, neuron types, layers
Protecting the brain – 3 meninges, CSF (ventricles)
Split brain patients

PSYC2020 (14 decks)

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