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Microbiology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

classifying or categorization of living organisms

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2
Q

nomenclature

A

system of names or terms

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3
Q

How is DNA packaged?

A

in chromosomes

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4
Q

What is the smallest segment of DNA?

A

a gene

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5
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A
  • cell membrane structure
  • energy (storage)
  • protection (cushion)
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6
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

they are polar on one end and non polar on the other

fat is non polar

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7
Q

What is the function of amino acids

A
  • work (action)
  • structure
  • cell recognition
  • energy (chemical reaction)
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8
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • energy (fuel)
  • structure
  • cell recognition
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9
Q

How many carbons does a carbohydrate have?

A

6

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10
Q

Long chain carbs are ______.

A

starches

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11
Q

What microorganisms are acellular?

A

viruses

prions

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12
Q

What microorganisms are cellular?

A

prokaryotes (bacteria)

eukaryotes (animal cells, plat cells, fungi, protozoa)

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13
Q

What types of microorganisms are in the category of prokaryotes?

A

bacteria

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14
Q

What types of microorganisms are in the category of eukaryotes

A

animal cells
plant cells
fungi
protozoa

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15
Q

What does a typical bacteria cell contain?

A 
glycocalyx
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm 
ribosomes
neucleoid
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16
Q

What do typical eukaryotes cells contain?

A

(more complex)

  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • vacuoles
  • peroxisome
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • golgi complex
  • ribosome
  • nucleus (nucleolis, chromatid, & nuclear membrane)
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17
Q

The major similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A
  • cytoplasm in the cell
  • ribosomes through out the cell
  • DNA is the genetic material
  • cell (plasma) membrane
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18
Q

What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A 
PROKARYOTES
- no nulcleus
- single chromosome
- no organelles
- complex cell wall
- smaller
EUKARYOTES
- contain nucleus
- multiples chromosome
- contain organelles
- single or no cell wall
- larger
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19
Q

What is proposed in the 5 Kingdom system of taxonomy?

A

Robert Whittakes proposes organizing all organisms into kingdoms

  1. monera (prokaryotes)
  2. protista (eukaryotes)
  3. plantae
  4. fungi
  5. animalia
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20
Q

What is within the monera kingdom

A

bacteria

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21
Q

What is in the protista kingdom?

A

protozoa, slime molds

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22
Q

What is in the fungi kingdom?

A

mushrooms, molds, yeasts

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23
Q

What is in the plantae kingdom?

A

plants, algea

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24
Q

What did Carl Woese propose for taxonomy?

A

3 domains

  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
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25
Q

When classifying humans what are the subgroups listed?

A 
Kingdom- animilia
Phylum- chordate
Class- mammalia
Order- Primates
Family- Hominoidea
Genus- Homo
Species- Sapiens
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26
Q

How can homosapiens be broken down?

A

Homo is the genus and sapiens is the species

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27
Q

What is homosapien an example of?

A

binomial nomenclature

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28
Q

Binomial nomenclature.

A

uses genus and species to name

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29
Q

Genus.

A

2 or more species with similar morphology

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30
Q

Species.

A

groups of organisms with similar genetics

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31
Q

How do you use binomial nomenclature?

A 
Genus first (first letter capitalized)
Species Second ( all lowercase)
- both words underlined or in italics
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32
Q

How can you abbreviate binomial nomenclature

A

Just use the first letter of the genus and a period

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33
Q

What eukaryote doesn’t use binomial nomenclature.

A

Viruses

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34
Q

Strains.

A

microbes within a species with some genetic change (e.g. O157: H7)

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35
Q

What unit is µm?

A

micrometers

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36
Q

how many µm in a mm?

A

1000

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37
Q

How many nm in a µm?

A

1 000 000

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38
Q

Typical size of a bacterium?

A

1-5 µm

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39
Q

Typical size of a virus?

A

50-250 nm

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40
Q

What is bigger, a virus or a bacterium?

A

bacterium

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41
Q

Compound light microscope.

A

100-1000x magnification

can see single cells (not viruses)

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42
Q

Electron Microscope.

A

20 000 000x plus
- uses different wave lengths of light to see different things
(needed to see viruses)

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43
Q

What are the 3 types pf electron microscopes?

A
  1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

2. Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM)

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44
Q

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

this electron microscope images look 3 dimensional

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45
Q

Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM)

A

Image goes right through (can see organelles)

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46
Q

What are Fluorescence Microscopy used for?

A

bacterial or viral identification

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47
Q

What do classifications lead too?

A

identification

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48
Q

What are some identifying characteristics?

A
  • cell morphology (shape or arrangement)
  • staining reaction
  • motility
  • colony
  • morphology
  • colony morphologu
  • atmospheric requirements
  • nutritional requirements
  • biochemical metabolic activities
  • specific enzymes
  • pathogenicity
  • genetic composition (15s RNA
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49
Q

Bacterial morphology.

A

cell shape and arrangement

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50
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria?

A

bacillus (pl. bacilli)

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51
Q

Spherical or round bacteria?

A

coccus (pl. cocci)

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52
Q

Curvey or wavy bacteria?

A

curved rod- vibro
rigid wave- spirillum (pl. spirilla)
fexible wave- spirochete

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53
Q

Chains of bacteria.

A

strepto-

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54
Q

Pairs of bacteria.

A

dilo-

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55
Q

grape like clusters

A

staphylo-

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56
Q

What are staining techniques used from?

A
  • visualize bacteria
  • identify bacteria
  • differentiate different kinds o f bacteria
57
Q

What are 3 major staining techniques?

A

Simple stain
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain

58
Q

What is a simple stain?

A

stain all bacteria same colour (basic positive dye because most parts of bacteria are negatively charged)

59
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

differentiate types of cell wall (+/- gram)

60
Q

What is acid-fast stain?

A

identifies mycobacteria

61
Q

Smear.

A

place a drop of bacteria sample on a slide

62
Q

What is common to all stains?

A
  • smear

- heat fix the sample (kills bacteria, stick to slide)

63
Q

When would you use a simple stain?

A

when you want to know shape and arrangement

64
Q

Gram positive appears…

A

clustered

65
Q

Gram negative appears…

A

separate

66
Q

Steps of gram stain.

A
  • smear
  • heat
    1. crystal violet
    2. iodine
    3. alcohol wash
    4. safranin (aka counterstaining)
67
Q

What colour are gram negative bacteria after a gram stain?

A

orange-red

68
Q

What colour are gram positive after gram stain?

A

blue-purple

69
Q

Gram postive bacteria cell wall is composed of?

A

cell wall made of protein and carbohydrates

70
Q

Gram negative cell wall is composed of?

A 
outer membrane (lipids/proteins)
inner layer before membrane (protein/carbs)
71
Q

Which on has the extra layer in their cell wall, gram + or gram -?

A

gram negative

72
Q

Examples of Gram +ve bacteria

A

staphylococcus aureas

susceptible to penicillin

73
Q

What is staphylococcus aureus

susceptible to?

A

PENECILLIN

74
Q

Example of gram -ve bacteria

A

Escherichia coli
(susceptible to tetracuclines)
-release toxins from membrane

75
Q

What is E. coli susceptible to?

A

tetracycline

76
Q

Chlamydia trachomitis is …

A

gram negative cocci

77
Q

What is the most common bacteria in the world to cause an STI?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

gram -ve cocci

78
Q

Steps to an acid fast stain.

A
  • smear
  • heat
    1. read stain
    2. heat (to penetrate)
    3. acid/alcohol wash
    4. Blue stain
79
Q

Acid fast stains are used to identify ______ bacteria.

A

Mycobacteria
Ex. TB causing

Mycobacerium tuberculosis

80
Q

What is in the bacteria envelope?

A

glycocalyx
cell wall
cell membrane

81
Q

What is Glycocalyx?

A

sticky layer of polysacchraides & small protiens

82
Q

What is the glycocalyx for?

A

protection, adhesion, water balance

83
Q

What types of bacteria have glycocalyx?

A

rods (bacillus) and sphere (coccus) shapes

84
Q

What is an example of bacteria with a glycocalyx?

A

Haemophilus influenza

85
Q

Describe Haemophilus influenza.

A

Causes meningitis

  • difficult for antibiotics to penetrate the glycocalyx
  • death rate in treated meningitis = 20%
86
Q

What is the death rate in treated H. influenza?

A

20%

87
Q

Glycocalyx capsule.

A

thick and tightly bound

88
Q

Glycocalyx slime layer.

A

thin and flowing

89
Q

What is an example of a bacteria with a slime layer?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

90
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A

opportunistic bacteria

  • causes UTI and lung infections
  • has slime layer
91
Q

What do colonies of glycocaylyx-covered bacteria from when they come together?

A

biofilms

92
Q

What is the problem with biofilms?

A

they make it challenging to kill bacteria with macrophages andantibiotics

93
Q

Where is a common place to find biofilms?

A

on catheters

94
Q

Describe bacteria cell wall.

A 
Complex
Semirigid structure
Responsible for cell shape
Protects against ressure changes
Composition and thickness varies
95
Q

Describe gram positive bacteria cell walls.

A

Made of protein and carbohydrates (called peptoglycan) and Teichoic acid)

96
Q

What is teichoic acid?

A

part of gram positive cell walls

  • gives stability
  • made of phosphate and alcohol
  • highly negatively charged
  • antigenic
97
Q

Antigenic.

A

substance that stimulates production of antibodies

98
Q

Describe gram negative bacterial cell walls.

A

Outer membrane
Lipopolysaccharide
(LPS-endotoxin, antigenic)
(lipoprotein & liposacharide)

Peptoglycan- Periplasmic region

Cell membrane below

99
Q

What is Lipopolysaccharide?

A

part of gram negative cell wall

  • endotoxin
  • antigenic
100
Q

Endotoxin.

A

toxin inside a bacterial cell that is released when the cell is digested

101
Q

Which cell wall is thicker, gram +ve or gram -ve?

A

gram +ve

102
Q

Which has an outer membrane and periplamic region, gram +ve or gram -ve?

A

gram -ve

103
Q

Which contains teichoic acid, gram +ve or gram -ve?

A

gram +ve

104
Q

Which contains LPS, gram +ve or gram -ve?

A

gram -ve

105
Q

What are cytoplasmic contents of bacteria?

A

ribosomes
inclusion bodies
single chromosome
plasmids

106
Q

What are plasmids?

A

circular pieces of DNA, not essential for life, carry antibiotic resistance, act as ‘emergency’ genetic material

107
Q

What are bacterial endospores?

A

dormant/resistances stage of certain bacterial cells

  • NOT a form of reproduction
  • form when nutrient and moisture are low
  • spores EXTREMELY RESISTANCE
108
Q

What is a spore coat made of?

A

protein that doesn’t stain

109
Q

What are some diseases caused by sporeformers?

A
  • antrax (Bacillus)
  • tetanus (Clostridium)
  • gas gangrene
  • botulisms
110
Q

What are flagella made of?

A

rigid protein subunit called FLAGELLIM

111
Q

Describe flagella.

A

long, thread like appendages on some bacteria

  • allow motility
  • made of flagellim
112
Q

How fast des the filament of a flagella rotate?

A

600rpm

10x per second

113
Q

How fast can bacteria move?

A

50 µm/s

114
Q

What is the process by which bacteria move?

A

chemotaxis

115
Q

Describe chemotaxis.

A

the process by which bacteria move; attracted to favourable conditions and repelled from unfavourable

116
Q

How do bacteria with flagella move?

A

runs (counter clockwise) and tumbles (clockwise)

117
Q

When conditions are unfavourable how do bacteria move?

A

long tumbles and short runs

118
Q

When conditions are favourable how do bacteria move?

A

short tumbles longs runs

the more energy from conditions the longer the run

119
Q

Describe Pili.

A

many, short, hairlike appendages

  • pili are made of protein called PILIN
  • help bacteria ATTACH, and TRANSFER GENETIC MATERIAL
120
Q

What do pili do?

A
  1. ATTACH to surfaces or other cells (called FIMBRIAE))

2. TRANSFER DNA from one bacterium to another (use SEX PILI) this process is called CONJUGATION

121
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission

122
Q

What is the usual rate of reproduction for bacteria>?

A

20-30 minutes

123
Q

Generation doubling time.

A

time in minutes for a population to double (logarithmic or exponential growth)

124
Q

What are the stages of logarithmic growth of bacteria?

A
  • Lag phase has few cells
  • Exponential growth phase lots of live cells few dead cells
  • Stationary cells has half live cells half dead cells
  • Death phase most die off but some remain viable
125
Q

What are the growth requirements for pathogens to go?

A

35-42 C

pH 7.0-7.5

126
Q

What temp. do psychrophile grow at?

A

0-20 C

127
Q

Example of psychrophile.

A

Listeria

128
Q

What temp. do mesophile grows at?

A

20- 40 C

129
Q

Example of mesophile

A

ecoli

130
Q

What temp. do thermophiles grow at?

A

40-90 C

131
Q

Example of a thermopile.

A

hot springs, hydrothermal

132
Q

Aerobes.

A

require oxygen

133
Q

Anaerobes.

A

Do NOT require oxygen

134
Q

Benefit of oxygen.

A

excellent energy-producing molecule

135
Q

Flaw of oxygen.

A

generates free radical toxins

136
Q

Aerobes must be able to break down ___ ______ or die.

A

free radicals

137
Q

Facultative anaerobe/aerobes.

A

can take or leave oxygen

138
Q

example of facultative bacteria.

A

E. coli

facultative aerobes

139
Q

75

A

75

Microbiology (5 decks)

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