Week 1 Flashcards
Define Microbiology.
the scientific discipline dealing with the study of microscopic organisms
What fields use microbiology?
medical public health industrial agricultural environmental
What are micro-organisms?
microscopic organisms; usually single celled (bacteria, fungi, protozoa); some multi-cellular organisms (ex helminths, nematodes, arthropods); acellular, (prions, viruses)
What are some types of acellular organisms?
prions, viruses
What are some types of multicellular organisms?
helminths, nematodes, arthropods
What are some single cellular organisms?
bacteria, fungi, protozoa
Define Pathogen.
a microbe that normally causes disease
Define Non Pathogen
a microbe that does not normally cause disease
Define pestilence
fatal epidemic
Earliest recorded pestilence was in…
3180 BC Egypt
Middle ages plague
bubonic plague or black plague
1917-1918 Spanish flu killed _____ deaths world wide
30-40 million
Small pox killed ____ people
300 million
Who is the father of micro biology
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1670’s
What did leeuwenhoek do?
He improved this microscope using squeres of clear class to increase the magnifications; making it so you could see microbes
What is Jenner known for?
created smallpox vaccine in 1790’s
What did Ignaz Semmelweis 1840’s advocate for?
hand washing with calcium hypo chloride for physicians
What did John Snow do?
‘father of epidemiology’
-found the well was the origin of cholera
When was the golden age for microbiology?
1857-1917
What was Joseph Lister (1860’s) known for?
‘father of antiseptic surgery’
- used carbolic acid to treat wounds
What was Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) known for?
- alcohol fermentation
- germ theory of disease
- pasteurization
- several vaccines (rabies)
Rober Koch (1843-1910) was known for what?
- proved germ theory of disease (Koch’s postulates)
- culture techniques
- causes of cholera and TB
What are Koch’s Postulates
Koch Postulates
- Same micro organism present in every case of disease
- Micro-organism is isolated from tissue of dead (diseased) animal, and a pure culture is prepared (can be cultured indefinitely)
- M.O. from pure culture, when inoculated into healthy animals reproduces the disease
- The same MO can be isolated and cultured from the inoculated animal
Who is Ali Maow Maalin?
last case of smallpox
What are some examples of emerging diseases?
Lassa fever –1969 Marburg disease – 1975 Ebola fever – 1975 (2014) Legionnaires’ disease – 1976 Toxic shock syndrome –1980 (tampons) AIDS –1981 Lyme disease –1982 E. coli O157:H7 (HUS) – 1982 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – 1993 Variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease – 1996 West Nile encephalitis – 1999 SARS – 2003 H5N1 “Avian” flu – (1997) 2005 H1N1 “Swine flu” - 2009
Which diseases are reemerging?
Tunerculosis Influenza Malaria Cholera Viral Hepatitis C. Difficile
What are the top 10 infectious killers?
- Acute Lower respiratory infections
- Diarrheal Diseases
- Aids
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- Hepatitis B
- Pertussis
- Tetanus
- Meningitis
- Measles
How many deaths world wide per year are from preventable infectious diseases?
20 million deaths worldwide
How many deaths per years are from Acute lower respiratory infections?
3.5 million deaths per years
How many deaths per year are from diarrheal diseases?
3.1 million deaths per year
How many deaths per year from AIDS?
1.8 million deaths per year from aids
How many deaths per year are from Tuberculosis?
1.3 millions deaths per year from tuberculosis
How many deaths per year from malaria?
0.66 million deaths per year from malaria
How many deaths per year from Hepatitis B?
0.6 million deaths per year from hepatitus B
How many deaths per year from Pertussis?
300 000 deaths per year from whooping cough
How many deaths per year from Tetanus?
210 000 deaths per year from “lockjaw” or tetanus
How many deaths per year from Meningitis?
170 000 deaths per year from meningitis
How many deaths per year from measles?
160 000 deaths per year from meningitis
Where are diarrheal diseases on the top 10 infectious killers list?
2nd with 3.1 million deaths per year
Where are Tuberculosis on the top 10 infectious killers list?
4th with 1.3 million deaths per year
Where are acute lower respiratory infections on the top 10 infectious killers list?
1st with 3.5 million deaths per year
Where are AIDS on the top 10 infectious killers list?
3rd with 1.8 million deaths per year
Where are malaria on the top 10 infectious killers list?
5th with 0.66 million deaths per year
How many world wide cases of H1N1?
210 000
How many world wide deaths from H1N1?
2185
How many deaths in Canada from H1N1?
72 deaths (23 of which were in ON)
Reasons for surges in “new diseases”?
- not really new just increased occurrence and wider distribution
- International travel
- Increasing population
- Breakdown of public health measures
- microbial adaptation (resistance)
What are some good things about microbes?
- used for making insulin, vaccines, antibiotics
- for bread, beer, wine and cheese
- used to clean up oil spills
What is Bioremediation?
use of microbes to clean up an oil spill
