week 2

Question 1

central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

spinal nerves (ventral root and dorsal root)
automonic nervous system (sympathetic part and parasympathetic part)

Question 3

Gray matter

Answer 3

-neuron, support cells

Deep parts of brain: basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 4

White matter

Answer 4

Beneath cortex: myelinated axons

Question 5

Occipital lobe:

Answer 5

visual center

Question 6

Midbrain:

Answer 6

visual, auditory reflex centers

Question 7

vMedulla oblongata:

Answer 7

cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory centers

Question 8

Cerebellum

Answer 8

Major regulator of motor activities

Integration of sensory impulses from spinal cord, vestibular organ; motor impulses from cerebral cortex

Question 9

support cells (gilia)

Answer 9

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microgila
ependymal cells

Question 10

protection

Answer 10

CNS separated from body by meninges, blood–brain barrier

Brain, spinal cord surrounded by Cerebrospinal Fluid or CSF

Question 11

Neurons:

Answer 11

nondividing, postmitotic, permanent cells

Question 12

Glial cells:

Answer 12

facultative, mitotic (labile), capable of dividing

Question 13

Epidural Hematomas

Answer 13

Between skull and dura
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
Coma
Lethal if unrecognized

Question 14

Subdural Hematomas

Answer 14

Located between dura and arachnoid
Most often caused by blunt trauma
Source of bleeding: ruptured bridging veins
Nonspecific symptoms (e.g., headache) caused by increased intracranial pressure

Question 15

Subarachnoid Hemorrhages

Answer 15

Located between arachnoid and pia layer of meninges
Caused by:
Traumatic contusion of brain
Rupture of congenital (berry) aneurysms *
High mortality

Question 16

Intracerebral Hemorrhages

Answer 16

Rupture of intracerebral vessels
Common complication of head trauma, gunshot wounds
Nontraumatic forms include stroke
Common in hematologic diseases (e.g., leukemia)

Question 17

Cerebrovascular Disease

Answer 17

Third most common cause of death
Most common crippling disease
Most important clinical manifestation: stroke
Disease of old age (atherosclerosis)
Arterial hypertension
Thromboembolism*

Question 18

Global cerebral ischemia

Answer 18

occurs when blood flow to the brain is stopped or reduced. This is usually triggered by cardiac arrest.

Question 19

Acerebral infarction

Answer 19

is a type ofischemicstrokeresulting from a blockage in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain.

Question 20

Infections of CNS

Answer 20

bacterial:Hematogenous route or from septic emboli
Viral
Hematogenous route:
Measles virus, rubella, adenovirus, herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, rabies virus
Protozoal:
Hematogenous route
Toxoplasma gondii
Fungal:
Hematogenous route
Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 21

Cerebral abscess*

Answer 21

*abscess is a pus-filled swelling in the brain caused by an infection. It is a rare and life-threatening condition.

Question 22

Bacterial Meningitis*

Answer 22

*inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection and marked by intense headache and fever, sensitivity to light, and muscular rigidity, leading (in severe cases) to convulsions, delirium, and death.

Question 23

MS

Answer 23

Demyelinating disease
Women affected twice as often as men
Genetic factors
Chronic disease
Episodes of exacerbation and remission of neurologic symptoms
Sensory abnormalities
Loss of sense of touch
Motor abnormalities
Muscle weakness, unsteady gait, incoordination of movements, sphincter abnormalities
Unpredictable course

Question 24

Tay-Sachs disease:

Answer 24

It causes a progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities that begins around 6 months of age and usually results in death by the age of 4.

Question 25

Vitamin B1 deficiency

Answer 25

(Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

Question 26

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Answer 26

itamin B12 deficiency (uncoordinated movements, sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, signs of spinal cord disease, abnormal gait, psychiatric symptoms)

Question 27

Nicotinic acid deficiency (dermatitis, diarrhea, delirium)

Answer 27

YEAH

Question 28

Alcoholism

Answer 28

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome due to B1 deficiency Uncoordinated movements Progressive mental deterioration, loss of memory, inability to concentrate, irritability Subdural hematoma, pontine myelinolysis Delirium tremens if withdrawn Tremors and hallucinations

Question 29

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Answer 29

Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Huntington’s disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Question 30

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 30

Unknown etiology Genetic factors: Down’s syndrome Atrophy of cortical parts of frontal and temporal parts of brain Disease of older people (>70 years) Dementia: progressive loss of cognitive functions; functional decline (loss of memory predominates) Gross examination: Brain appears atrophic; shows narrowing of gyri, widening of sulci Histologic changes: Most prominent in cortex Neuritic (senile) plaques Neurofibrillary tangles Granulovacuolar degeneration Deposition of amyloid in neuritic plaques, wall of cerebral vessels

Question 31

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 31

``` Subcortical neurodegenerative disorder Typically affects the elderly Cause unknown Decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra Disturbances of movement, primarily tumor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability Tremor or twitching of muscles Instability while walking Depression, dementia* Significant number of patients become depressed; about 10% develop dementia Gross examination Substantia nigra appears pale Histologic characteristics: Loss of melanin-rich neurons Presence of Lewy bodies ```

Question 32

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 32

Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease Involuntary, gyrating movements, progressive dementia Atrophy of cortex, subcortical nuclei; most prominently in caudate, putamen Nonspecific histologic changes include: Atrophy Degeneration Loss of neurons Reactive gliosis* ( *nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS)) First symptoms do not appear before midlife Most become mentally incapacitated by 50–60 years old

Question 33

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(Gehrig's Disease)

Answer 33

Neurodegenerative disease Affects older men, women Motor weakness, progressive wasting of muscles in extremities (small hand muscles) Fasciculations (involuntary twitching) Slurred speech, but intellect not affected Loss of motor neurons in spinal cord, midbrain, cerebral cortex Loss of lateral cerebrospinal pathways in spinal cord Incurable, progressive disease; leads to death over a few years

Question 34

Epilepsy

Answer 34

All seizures are caused by abnormal electrical disturbances in the brain. Partial (focal) seizures occur when this electrical activity remains in a limited area of the brain. The seizures can sometimes turn into generalized seizures, which affect the whole brain. This is called secondary generalization.

Question 35

Neoplasms of CNS

Answer 35

``` Brain tumors have high mortality rate Brain tumors occur at any age 50% of tumors are primary neoplasms Benign or malignant Malignant tumors of CNS do not metastasize ```

Question 36

Tumors of Cranial & Spinal Nerves

Answer 36

``` Neuromas Schwannomas (neurilemomas) Neurofibromas Solitary or multiple: mostly benign Neurofibrosarcomas: rare Neurofibromatosis type II: involves cranial nerve, causing hearing loss, vertigo ```

Question 37

Metastases to Brain

Answer 37

``` 50% of all tumors represent metastases Solitary or multiple Most common cancers to metastasize to brain: Lung cancer Breast cancer Melanoma ```