chap 18

Question 1

LDL

Answer 1

BAD cholestrol
main carrier cholesterol
uptake of LDL= tissues become saturadted and the rest is uptaken by cells near endothetial cells

Question 2

HDL

Answer 2

good chol
syn in liver
-reverse transport of chol, carrying cholesterol from the tissue back to the liver

Question 3

hypercholestremia

Answer 3

increased lvl of CHOL in the blood

Question 4

CHOL is transported in blood by

Answer 4

VLDL, LDL, HDL

Question 5

primary hypercholestremia and secondary hypercholestremia

Answer 5

1. genetic basis

2. obesity with high-calorie intake, sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes mellitus.

Question 6

no risk person should have LDL CHOL GOAL OF

Answer 6

160 MG/DL

Question 7

excess cals

Answer 7

ower HDL and elevate LDL

Question 8

saturated fats

Answer 8

influnce CHOL the raise VLDL and LDL lvls

Question 9

men are at greater risk of developing

Answer 9

CAD than premenopausal women probs because of estrogens

Question 10

of studies say that CRP(c-reactive proteins)

Answer 10

can predict future cardiovascular events in healthy ppl

-CRP is an inflamm phase reactant, so hospitalization can elevate CRP lvls.

Question 11

lipoprotein

Answer 11

risk fctor for the development of atherosclerosis

Question 12

fatty streak

Answer 12

, fibrous plaque, complicated lesion

Question 13

developement of atherosclerosis

Answer 13

1. endothial cell injury
2. miigration of inflamm cells.
3. lipid accumulation and smooth muscle cell proliferation
4. plaque structure

Question 14

earliest responses to elevated CHOL lvls

Answer 14

is the attachment of monocytes to the endothelium, where theyare transformed into macropahges. the macrophages relase free radicals that oxidize LDL (which is toxic to endothelium) this leads to platelet adhesion and aggreation.

Question 15

VASCULITIDES

Answer 15

group of vascular disorders that cause inflam innjury and necrosis of the blood vessel wall.

Question 16

types of vascultides

Answer 16

1, small vessel vascultides involve the skin and are often a complication of an underlying disease

2. medium-sized= necrosis to arteries to large organs
3. large= inflam?

Question 17

effects are similar

Answer 17

of the periphral vascular disorders and crnary and cerebral shit

Question 18

PAD (perpiheral artery disease)

Answer 18

atherso in the distal part of the aorta most common in men in their 60s and 70s, heavy smokers.
+ primary symp= claudication or pain with walking
+TISSUE necrosis and pain come after
+palpation of pulses allows to see the degree of the obstruction

Question 19

thromboangiitis obliterans

Answer 19

medium sized arts.
25-40 years men smokers
pain 
peripheral pulses and dim or gone 
chronic- malformed nails

Question 20

raynaud phenomenon

Answer 20

functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of arts in finger and sometimes toes

Question 21

aneurysm

Answer 21

dilation of blood vessel
true ane= its bounded by a complete vessel wall, blood remains
flase ane= tear in wall, vessel enlargment

Question 22

abd aneurysm

Answer 22

most common form of ane, ass with atherosc
freq in men
asymptomatic
CALCIFICATION= EXISTS ON THE WALL OF THE ANEURYSM MAY BE DETECT IN XRAY

Question 23

aortic dissection

Answer 23

acute life threatening condition, hemmrrhage into the vessel wall forming a blood-filled channel
CB conditions that weaken layers of aorta .
pain in chest and back then pulse cannot be read

Question 24

the artial blood pressure

Answer 24

reflects the rhythmic ejection of blood from the left ventrical into the aorta

Question 25

short term reg of BP relais on

Answer 25

nerual and humoral mechanisms

Question 26

neural mech

Answer 26

in medulla and pons where ANS responses occur
(cardiovasular center). transmits parasym impluses to heart VIA heart and symp impluses to the blood vessels thorugh spinal cord.

Question 27

vagal stim

Answer 27

slowing of the heart

Question 28

sympatheic stim

Answer 28

increase in heart rate and cardiac contractability

Question 29

intinsic reflex

Answer 29

rapid and short term reg of BP

Question 30

extrinsic reflexes

Answer 30

mediate blood pressure responses assosiated with factors such as pain and cold.

Question 31

atrial chemoreceptors

Answer 31

are cells that monitor the O2, CO2 and H ions in blood

can cause VASOCON

Question 32

ANGIOTENSIN SHIT

Answer 32

renin is relased in response to ^ in sympa nervous sys or a decrease in BP. converts to angio 1 the to 2. angio 2 is the short and long term reg of BP, vasocon, and sodium excretion.

Question 33

vasopressin

Answer 33

anitdiuretic hormone, vaso con

Question 34

long term reg

Answer 34

KIDNEYS and extracelluar fluid

Question 35

increased adrenocortical hormones

Answer 35

can give rise to hypertension. the faciliate salt and water retention by the kidney.

Question 36

coarctation of the aorta

Answer 36

narrowing of the aorta

increase in systolic BP and blood flow to the upper part of the body

Question 37

borth control

Answer 37

can cause hypertenison

Question 38

hypertension increases the workload of

Answer 38

the left ventricle by increasing the pressure against the heart which it has to pump as it ejects blood in the sys sirc. as the workload increases, heart gotta hypertrophies to comp increased pressure work

Question 39

preeclampsia-eclampsia

gestatinal hypertension

Answer 39

1. 140/ 90 or more and proteinuria

2. “ and no protein

Question 40

orthostatic hypten

Answer 40

early sign of reduced BV of fluid deficit

Question 41

venous sys in the legs involves two things:

Answer 41

superficial veins and deep venous channels

Question 42

venous thormbosis (3things)

Answer 42

stasis of blood
^blood coagulability
vessel wall injury