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PNP > chap 17 > Flashcards

chap 17 Flashcards

1
Q

heart disease

A

40% of all postnatal deaths nearly twice the number of deaths caused by all forms of cancer combined

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2
Q

heart pumps

A

over 6000 liters

of blood daily

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3
Q

Cardiac myocytes

A 
comprise ~ 25% of the total 
 number of cells in the heart, but 
>90% of the myocardial volume 
The rest population:
-endothelial cells 
-fibroblast
-inflammatory cells rare
 collagen is sparse
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4
Q

Major Disorders of CVS

A

Congenital heart disease
Ischemic heart disease (responsible for 80% to 90% of cardiovascular deaths)
Hypertensive heart disease (systemic and pulmonary)
Valvular heart disease
Nonischemic (primary) myocardial disease

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5
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • moves blood though lungs
  • consists of the right side of the heart, pul arts, pul caps, pul veins
  • functions with a lower pressure (12 mmhg) and moves slowly which is good for gas exchange
  • BLOOD VOLUME CAN BE 450 ML
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6
Q

systematic circulation

A

moves blood to tissues

- against gravity so pressure has to up to (90-100 mmhg_

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7
Q

hemodynamics

A

principals that govern blood flow in the circulatory system

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8
Q

shit that governs flow of blood in the circ system

A
  • pressure
  • resistance
  • flow
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9
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

blood flow

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10
Q

laminar blood low

A

layers, platelets being in the middle

reduces friction and slides easily

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11
Q

anemics ans low blood viscosity

A

low blood viscosity allows the blood to move faster and accounts for the transient occurence of heart murmurs in some ppl who are anemic

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12
Q

heart murmur results from

A

turbulent flow through a diseased heart valve

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13
Q

distensibility

A

blood vessel streching and accommodating incread blood volume

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14
Q

most distensable vessles

A

veins

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15
Q

compliance

A

total quantity of blood that can be stored

vein is 24 times more compliant

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16
Q

heart beats

A

about 70 times/min

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17
Q

point of maximal impluse

A

on thorax
fifth and 6th ribs
below nipple
apox 3 inches lft of midline

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18
Q

conduction happens in what heart layer

A

myocardium

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19
Q

SA NODE

A

where the rhythmic impluse is generated

  • fastest intrinsic rate of firing
  • normally the pacemaker of the heart
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20
Q

internodal pathways

A

conduct the impluse from the SA node to the AV node

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21
Q

when the SA node dicharges

A

the impluses are conducted into the AV junctional and Purkinje fibers, causing them to fire

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22
Q

action potentials (three parts)

A
  1. resting phase
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
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23
Q

major charge carriers in cardiac muscle cells

A
  1. NA
  2. K
  3. Ca
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24
Q

two mains types of action potentials int he heart

A
  1. the slow response

2. fast response

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25
acetylcholine
is released during vagal stim of the heart | -slows the heart rate by decreasing the slope of phasee 4
26
phase 0-4 (phases in action potential)
0-Phase 0 is the rapid depolarization phase 1-nactivation of the fast Na+ channels 2-This "plateau" phase of the cardiac action potential inward movement of Ca2), and outward movement of K 3-the "rapid repolarization" phase 4-resting membrane potential, and describes the membrane potential when the cell is not being stimulated.
27
absolute refactory phase
period during which no stimuli can generate another action potenial - during theis pahse cells CANNOT deplarize
28
arrhythimas
rep disorders of the cardiac rhythm - supraventricular( SA node, AV node, and junctional tissue) - ventricular arrhythmias (ventricles)
29
ventricular arrhythmias
are the most serious
30
heart block
- occurs when the conduction of impluses in blocked | - often in the AV junction
31
ECG
electrical actyivity of the heart recording
32
SA node doesnt have a sufficent current
so it aint on the ECG
33
p wave
reps the atrial deplorization
34
QRS COMPLEX
decipts ventricular depol
35
T WAVE
vent repol
36
zero line between p wave and q wave
depol of AV node, bundle brnaches and Purkinje system
37
cardiac cycle
rhythmic pumping action of the heart
38
systole
the period during which the ventricles are contracting
39
diastole
the period during which the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood.
40
ventricular systole into two parts
1. isovolumetric contraction period- closure of AV valves FIRST HEART SOUND 2. ejection period- LAST HEART SOUND
41
60% of stroke volume is ejected during the first quarter of systole
the remaining 40% is ejected during the next two quarters of systole.
42
aortic pressure reflects
changes in the ejection if blood to the left ventricle
43
atrial filling occurs
during both systole and diastole
44
three main atrial pressure waves
1. vents contract av vales buldge into atria 2. slow buildup of blood in atria 3. atrial contraction
45
when the heart pumps strongly
right atrial pressure is decreased and atrial filling is enhanced
46
CO=
SVx HR
47
the av. cardiac output in normal adults
ranges from 3.5-8.0 l/ min
48
normal resp reserve
300%-400%
49
the hearts ability to increase its output (four things)
1. preload 2. afterload 3. cardiac contractablility 4. heart rate
50
three layers of vessles
``` tunica adventitia (collagen fibers tunica media tunica intima- endothelial cells ```
51
diff between systolic and dia
IS PULSE PRESSURE
52
PULASTIONS IN THE LARGE ARTERIES ARE EVEN GREATER THAN IN THE
AORTA
53
VENOUS system is a
low pressure system that returns blood to heart
54
hyperemia
an increase in local blood flow
55
nitric oxide
vessel dialation | and inhibits platelet aggregation and sec of plateletts contants
56
humoral control of blood flow involves
the effect of vasodilolator and consrtictor subs in the blood
57
norepineph
powerful vasoconstrictor
58
epineph
may may cause vaso dilation
59
angio tensiin 2
powerful vasoconstrictor
60
histamine
vasodil | allows leakage into tissues
61
serotonin
controls bleeding | VASOCON
62
bradykinin
intense dilaton of arts increased caps permability constricting venules
63
prostaglandins
vasocon and dil | tissue injury?
64
clooateral circulation is a mechanism for the
long term regulation of blood flow
65
medulla oblongata
where cardiac shit happens
66
vasomotor center
heart rate and blood vessel tone
67
cardioinhibitory center
parasymp-mediated SLOWING OF THE HEART RATE
68
cushing reflex
special type of CNS reflex resulting from an increase in intrecranial pressure

PNP (7 decks)

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