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PNP > chap 17 > Flashcards

chap 17 Flashcards

1
Q

heart disease

A

40% of all postnatal deaths nearly twice the number of deaths caused by all forms of cancer combined

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2
Q

heart pumps

A

over 6000 liters

of blood daily

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3
Q

Cardiac myocytes

A 
comprise ~ 25% of the total 
 number of cells in the heart, but 
>90% of the myocardial volume 
The rest population:
-endothelial cells 
-fibroblast
-inflammatory cells rare
 collagen is sparse
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4
Q

Major Disorders of CVS

A

Congenital heart disease
Ischemic heart disease (responsible for 80% to 90% of cardiovascular deaths)
Hypertensive heart disease (systemic and pulmonary)
Valvular heart disease
Nonischemic (primary) myocardial disease

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5
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • moves blood though lungs
  • consists of the right side of the heart, pul arts, pul caps, pul veins
  • functions with a lower pressure (12 mmhg) and moves slowly which is good for gas exchange
  • BLOOD VOLUME CAN BE 450 ML
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6
Q

systematic circulation

A

moves blood to tissues

- against gravity so pressure has to up to (90-100 mmhg_

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7
Q

hemodynamics

A

principals that govern blood flow in the circulatory system

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8
Q

shit that governs flow of blood in the circ system

A
  • pressure
  • resistance
  • flow
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9
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

blood flow

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10
Q

laminar blood low

A

layers, platelets being in the middle

reduces friction and slides easily

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11
Q

anemics ans low blood viscosity

A

low blood viscosity allows the blood to move faster and accounts for the transient occurence of heart murmurs in some ppl who are anemic

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12
Q

heart murmur results from

A

turbulent flow through a diseased heart valve

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13
Q

distensibility

A

blood vessel streching and accommodating incread blood volume

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14
Q

most distensable vessles

A

veins

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15
Q

compliance

A

total quantity of blood that can be stored

vein is 24 times more compliant

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16
Q

heart beats

A

about 70 times/min

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17
Q

point of maximal impluse

A

on thorax
fifth and 6th ribs
below nipple
apox 3 inches lft of midline

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18
Q

conduction happens in what heart layer

A

myocardium

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19
Q

SA NODE

A

where the rhythmic impluse is generated

  • fastest intrinsic rate of firing
  • normally the pacemaker of the heart
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20
Q

internodal pathways

A

conduct the impluse from the SA node to the AV node

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21
Q

when the SA node dicharges

A

the impluses are conducted into the AV junctional and Purkinje fibers, causing them to fire

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22
Q

action potentials (three parts)

A
  1. resting phase
  2. depolarization
  3. repolarization
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23
Q

major charge carriers in cardiac muscle cells

A
  1. NA
  2. K
  3. Ca
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24
Q

two mains types of action potentials int he heart

A
  1. the slow response

2. fast response

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25
Q

acetylcholine

A

is released during vagal stim of the heart

-slows the heart rate by decreasing the slope of phasee 4

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26
Q

phase 0-4 (phases in action potential)

A

0-Phase 0 is the rapid depolarization phase
1-nactivation of the fast Na+ channels
2-This “plateau” phase of the cardiac action potential inward movement of Ca2), and outward movement of K
3-the “rapid repolarization” phase
4-resting membrane potential, and describes the membrane potential when the cell is not being stimulated.

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27
Q

absolute refactory phase

A

period during which no stimuli can generate another action potenial
- during theis pahse cells CANNOT deplarize

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28
Q

arrhythimas

A

rep disorders of the cardiac rhythm

  • supraventricular( SA node, AV node, and junctional tissue)
  • ventricular arrhythmias (ventricles)
29
Q

ventricular arrhythmias

A

are the most serious

30
Q

heart block

A
  • occurs when the conduction of impluses in blocked

- often in the AV junction

31
Q

ECG

A

electrical actyivity of the heart recording

32
Q

SA node doesnt have a sufficent current

A

so it aint on the ECG

33
Q

p wave

A

reps the atrial deplorization

34
Q

QRS COMPLEX

A

decipts ventricular depol

35
Q

T WAVE

A

vent repol

36
Q

zero line between p wave and q wave

A

depol of AV node, bundle brnaches and Purkinje system

37
Q

cardiac cycle

A

rhythmic pumping action of the heart

38
Q

systole

A

the period during which the ventricles are contracting

39
Q

diastole

A

the period during which the ventricles are relaxed and filling with blood.

40
Q

ventricular systole into two parts

A
  1. isovolumetric contraction period- closure of AV valves FIRST HEART SOUND
  2. ejection period- LAST HEART SOUND
41
Q

60% of stroke volume is ejected during the first quarter of systole

A

the remaining 40% is ejected during the next two quarters of systole.

42
Q

aortic pressure reflects

A

changes in the ejection if blood to the left ventricle

43
Q

atrial filling occurs

A

during both systole and diastole

44
Q

three main atrial pressure waves

A
  1. vents contract av vales buldge into atria
  2. slow buildup of blood in atria
  3. atrial contraction
45
Q

when the heart pumps strongly

A

right atrial pressure is decreased and atrial filling is enhanced

46
Q

CO=

A

SVx HR

47
Q

the av. cardiac output in normal adults

A

ranges from 3.5-8.0 l/ min

48
Q

normal resp reserve

A

300%-400%

49
Q

the hearts ability to increase its output (four things)

A
  1. preload
  2. afterload
  3. cardiac contractablility
  4. heart rate
50
Q

three layers of vessles

A 
tunica adventitia (collagen fibers
tunica media
tunica intima- endothelial cells
51
Q

diff between systolic and dia

A

IS PULSE PRESSURE

52
Q

PULASTIONS IN THE LARGE ARTERIES ARE EVEN GREATER THAN IN THE

A

AORTA

53
Q

VENOUS system is a

A

low pressure system that returns blood to heart

54
Q

hyperemia

A

an increase in local blood flow

55
Q

nitric oxide

A

vessel dialation

and inhibits platelet aggregation and sec of plateletts contants

56
Q

humoral control of blood flow involves

A

the effect of vasodilolator and consrtictor subs in the blood

57
Q

norepineph

A

powerful vasoconstrictor

58
Q

epineph

A

may may cause vaso dilation

59
Q

angio tensiin 2

A

powerful vasoconstrictor

60
Q

histamine

A

vasodil

allows leakage into tissues

61
Q

serotonin

A

controls bleeding

VASOCON

62
Q

bradykinin

A

intense dilaton of arts
increased caps permability
constricting venules

63
Q

prostaglandins

A

vasocon and dil

tissue injury?

64
Q

clooateral circulation is a mechanism for the

A

long term regulation of blood flow

65
Q

medulla oblongata

A

where cardiac shit happens

66
Q

vasomotor center

A

heart rate and blood vessel tone

67
Q

cardioinhibitory center

A

parasymp-mediated SLOWING OF THE HEART RATE

68
Q

cushing reflex

A

special type of CNS reflex resulting from an increase in intrecranial pressure

PNP (7 decks)

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