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DTMH > Week 2-3 > Flashcards

Week 2-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it inhibits chemotaxis to survive the phagocyte and complement attack

A

Strep pyogenes - C5a peptidase

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2
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it kills the phagocyte before ingestion to survive the phagocyte and complement attack

A

Staph aureus
- alpha toxin
- Panton-Valentin leukocidin

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3
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it avoids ingestion

A

Strep pneumo
- bacterial capsule
Gram negatives
- K capsule and O antigen

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4
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it avoids complement lysis

A

N. meningitidis
- coats with IgA antibodies
N. gonorrhoea
- porin binding factor H
- C4 binding protein
Strep pyogenes
- M protein

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5
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it survives within phagocytes

A

C. trachomatis
- inhibits phagolysosome fusion
L. monocytogenes
- escapes from phagolysosome
Salmonella typhi
- inhibits NADPH oxidase fusion with phagosome
M. tuberculosis
- inhibits acidification of phagosome due to exclusion of vacuolar H+-ATPase

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6
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it exhibits antigenic variations

A

Influenza A
- shift and drift
N. gonorrhoea
- pilin variation

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7
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it causes immunosuppresion

A

HIV
- CD4 cell depletion
H. influenza
- IgA protease

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8
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it is present in inaccessible sites

A

Herpes simplex
- latent infection in dorsal root ganglia

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9
Q

Name invasive microorganisms

A

Shigella
Listeria
N. meningitides
Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

Name non-invasive microorganisms

A

Diphtheria
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Trichomonas vaginalis

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11
Q

What is the tropism of M cells in shigella?

A

Colonic mucosa

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12
Q

What is the tropism of M cells in salmonella?

A

Terminal ileum

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13
Q

Give examples of bacteria that produce toxins

A

Gram negatives (LPS)
Diphtheria
Tetanus

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14
Q

Give examples of bacteria that produce enzymes

A

Staph aureus
- protease
- coagulase
- DNAse

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15
Q

Give examples of microorganisms that induce apoptosis

A

HIV (CD4 cells)
Shigella (macrophages)

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16
Q

Give examples of virus-induced cytopathic effects

A

CMV
- cell enlargement and lysis
RSV
- format of syncytium eg multinucleate giant cells

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17
Q

Give examples of viruses with inclusion bodies

A

Rabies
- intracytoplasmic
Herpes
- nuclear

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18
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes neoplastic transformation

A

HPV16

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19
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with a cytotoxic T cell and NK lymphocyte reaction

A

Measles
Hepatitis A

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20
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with autoimmunity

A

Strep pyogenes
- acute rheumatic fever

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21
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with immediate hypersensitivity

A

Helminthic infections
- rashes

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22
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

Hepatitis B
- cell necrosis

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23
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with immune complexes

A

Subacute endocarditis
Glomerulonephritis

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24
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with delayed type hypersensitivity

A

M. tuberculosis
- granulomas
- caseous necrosis

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25
Which virus causes intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies?
Measles
26
What is the difference between sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value
Sensitivity - chance test is positive in patient who has the condition Specificity - chance test is negative in patient who does not have condition PPV - chance patient has condition if test is positive NPV - chance patient does not have condition if test is negative
27
As prevalence increases, what happens to PPV and NPV?
PPV increases and NPV decreases
28
True or false: diagnostic tests are less helpful at extremes of pre test probability
True
29
Name the principles of outbreak investigation
Verify diagnosis Establish existence of outbreak Identify and count cases Describe epidemiology Formulate and test hypothesis Assess local response Address resource gaps Set up control measures Communicate findings Intensify surveillance
30
What were the 6 disease covered by the IRS?
Cholera Typhoid Plague Smallpox Yellow fever Relapsing fever
31
What WHO grade is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)?
WHO grade 3
32
Which microorganisms causes a neutrophilic/suppurative response?
Bacterial Fungi TB
33
Which microorganisms causes a granulomatous response?
TB Fungi
34
Which microorganisms causes a granulomatous with eosinophilic response?
Parasites
35
What are the 2 types of epidemiology categories?
Observational Experimental
36
What are the 2 types of observational studies?
Descriptive Analytical
37
Name examples of descriptive studies
Case report Cross-sectional Surveillance Ecological
38
Name examples of analytical studies
Cross-sectional Case control Cohort
39
Name experimental studies
RCTs Quasi-experimental
40
What is a necessary versus sufficient causes according to the Bothman sufficient-component cause model
Necessary - NEED the factor to develop the disease Sufficient - disease always develops in the present of the factor
41
What is the issue with the Bothman model?
Association does not mean cause
42
How do you calculate incidence risk?
No of new cases during specific time period over total population at risk at start
43
How do you calculate incidence rate?
No of new cases during specific time period over total person-time of risk
44
How do you calculate attack rate (incidence proportion)?
No of people who are and become ill over number of people who ate
45
How do you calculate secondary attack rate?
No. of case among contacts of primary case over total number of contacts
46
What is the serial interval?
The time between onset of clinical disease from primary to secondary case
47
What is the basic reproductive number (R0)?
Average number of secondary infections in susceptible hosts
48
What is the net reproductive number (R)?
Average number of secondary cases in a population of susceptible and non-susceptible hosts
49
Name ratio measures
Relative risk Risk ratio Odds ratio
50
Name difference measures
Attributable risk
51
How do you calculate vaccine effectiveness?
1 - odds ratio x 100
52
What is the resistance mechanism of tetracyclines?
Efflux pump
53
What is the resistance mechanism of fluconazole in candida spp?
Efflux pump
54
What is the resistance mechanism of carbapenems in pseudomonas?
Reduced permeability
55
What is the resistance mechanism of aminoglycosides in anaerobes?
Reduced permeability
56
What is the resistance mechanism of beta lactams in MRSA?
Target modification
57
What is the resistance mechanism of glycopeptides in enterococci?
Target modification
58
What is the resistance mechanism of rifampicin in TB?
Target modification
59
What is the resistance mechanism of ciprofloxacin in enterobacteriaceae?
Target modification
60
What is the resistance mechanism of linezolid in staph and enterococci?
Target modification
61
What is the resistance mechanism of NDM-1 in enterobacteriaceae?
Enzymatic degradation
62
What is the resistance mechanism of chloramphenicol in staphylococci?
Enzyme degradation
63
What is the key aspect of an ecological study?
Document co-occurence of disease and other factors in a population
64
What is the key aspect of a cross sectional study?
Establish magnitude of disease and factors in population at a single point in time
65
What is the key aspect of a case-control study?
Compare prevalence of a suspected risk factor in cases and controls and identify associations
66
What is the key aspect of a cohort study?
Measure risk of disease association with exposure to a factor in a prospective design
67
What is the key aspect of a experimental study?
Provide strong evidence of a causal relationship between exposure and disease
68
Which study design is cheap and relatively easy?
Ecological
69
Which study design is useful for chronic diseases with high prevalence but low incidence?
Cross sectional
70
What is the model of choice for studying rare diseases?
Case-control
71
Which study design can determine spectrum of disease resulting from exposure?
Cohort
72

DTMH (5 decks)

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