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DTMH > Week 2-3 > Flashcards

Week 2-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it inhibits chemotaxis to survive the phagocyte and complement attack

A

Strep pyogenes - C5a peptidase

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2
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it kills the phagocyte before ingestion to survive the phagocyte and complement attack

A

Staph aureus
- alpha toxin
- Panton-Valentin leukocidin

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3
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it avoids ingestion

A

Strep pneumo
- bacterial capsule
Gram negatives
- K capsule and O antigen

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4
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it avoids complement lysis

A

N. meningitidis
- coats with IgA antibodies
N. gonorrhoea
- porin binding factor H
- C4 binding protein
Strep pyogenes
- M protein

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5
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it survives within phagocytes

A

C. trachomatis
- inhibits phagolysosome fusion
L. monocytogenes
- escapes from phagolysosome
Salmonella typhi
- inhibits NADPH oxidase fusion with phagosome
M. tuberculosis
- inhibits acidification of phagosome due to exclusion of vacuolar H+-ATPase

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6
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it exhibits antigenic variations

A

Influenza A
- shift and drift
N. gonorrhoea
- pilin variation

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7
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it causes immunosuppresion

A

HIV
- CD4 cell depletion
H. influenza
- IgA protease

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8
Q

Give an example of a microorganism and how it is present in inaccessible sites

A

Herpes simplex
- latent infection in dorsal root ganglia

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9
Q

Name invasive microorganisms

A

Shigella
Listeria
N. meningitides
Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

Name non-invasive microorganisms

A

Diphtheria
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Trichomonas vaginalis

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11
Q

What is the tropism of M cells in shigella?

A

Colonic mucosa

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12
Q

What is the tropism of M cells in salmonella?

A

Terminal ileum

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13
Q

Give examples of bacteria that produce toxins

A

Gram negatives (LPS)
Diphtheria
Tetanus

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14
Q

Give examples of bacteria that produce enzymes

A

Staph aureus
- protease
- coagulase
- DNAse

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15
Q

Give examples of microorganisms that induce apoptosis

A

HIV (CD4 cells)
Shigella (macrophages)

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16
Q

Give examples of virus-induced cytopathic effects

A

CMV
- cell enlargement and lysis
RSV
- format of syncytium eg multinucleate giant cells

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17
Q

Give examples of viruses with inclusion bodies

A

Rabies
- intracytoplasmic
Herpes
- nuclear

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18
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes neoplastic transformation

A

HPV16

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19
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with a cytotoxic T cell and NK lymphocyte reaction

A

Measles
Hepatitis A

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20
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with autoimmunity

A

Strep pyogenes
- acute rheumatic fever

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21
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with immediate hypersensitivity

A

Helminthic infections
- rashes

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22
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with cytotoxic hypersensitivity

A

Hepatitis B
- cell necrosis

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23
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with immune complexes

A

Subacute endocarditis
Glomerulonephritis

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24
Q

Give examples of microorganisms involved with delayed type hypersensitivity

A

M. tuberculosis
- granulomas
- caseous necrosis

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25
Q

Which virus causes intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies?

A

Measles

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26
Q

What is the difference between sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value

A

Sensitivity - chance test is positive in patient who has the condition
Specificity - chance test is negative in patient who does not have condition
PPV - chance patient has condition if test is positive
NPV - chance patient does not have condition if test is negative

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27
Q

As prevalence increases, what happens to PPV and NPV?

A

PPV increases and NPV decreases

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28
Q

True or false: diagnostic tests are less helpful at extremes of pre test probability

A

True

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29
Q

Name the principles of outbreak investigation

A

Verify diagnosis
Establish existence of outbreak
Identify and count cases
Describe epidemiology
Formulate and test hypothesis
Assess local response
Address resource gaps
Set up control measures
Communicate findings
Intensify surveillance

30
Q

What were the 6 disease covered by the IRS?

A

Cholera
Typhoid
Plague
Smallpox
Yellow fever
Relapsing fever

31
Q

What WHO grade is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)?

A

WHO grade 3

32
Q

Which microorganisms causes a neutrophilic/suppurative response?

A

Bacterial
Fungi
TB

33
Q

Which microorganisms causes a granulomatous response?

A

TB
Fungi

34
Q

Which microorganisms causes a granulomatous with eosinophilic response?

A

Parasites

35
Q

What are the 2 types of epidemiology categories?

A

Observational
Experimental

36
Q

What are the 2 types of observational studies?

A

Descriptive
Analytical

37
Q

Name examples of descriptive studies

A

Case report
Cross-sectional
Surveillance
Ecological

38
Q

Name examples of analytical studies

A

Cross-sectional
Case control
Cohort

39
Q

Name experimental studies

A

RCTs
Quasi-experimental

40
Q

What is a necessary versus sufficient causes according to the Bothman sufficient-component cause model

A

Necessary - NEED the factor to develop the disease
Sufficient - disease always develops in the present of the factor

41
Q

What is the issue with the Bothman model?

A

Association does not mean cause

42
Q

How do you calculate incidence risk?

A

No of new cases during specific time period over total population at risk at start

43
Q

How do you calculate incidence rate?

A

No of new cases during specific time period over total person-time of risk

44
Q

How do you calculate attack rate (incidence proportion)?

A

No of people who are and become ill over number of people who ate

45
Q

How do you calculate secondary attack rate?

A

No. of case among contacts of primary case over total number of contacts

46
Q

What is the serial interval?

A

The time between onset of clinical disease from primary to secondary case

47
Q

What is the basic reproductive number (R0)?

A

Average number of secondary infections in susceptible hosts

48
Q

What is the net reproductive number (R)?

A

Average number of secondary cases in a population of susceptible and non-susceptible hosts

49
Q

Name ratio measures

A

Relative risk
Risk ratio
Odds ratio

50
Q

Name difference measures

A

Attributable risk

51
Q

How do you calculate vaccine effectiveness?

A

1 - odds ratio x 100

52
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of tetracyclines?

A

Efflux pump

53
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of fluconazole in candida spp?

A

Efflux pump

54
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of carbapenems in pseudomonas?

A

Reduced permeability

55
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of aminoglycosides in anaerobes?

A

Reduced permeability

56
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of beta lactams in MRSA?

A

Target modification

57
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of glycopeptides in enterococci?

A

Target modification

58
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of rifampicin in TB?

A

Target modification

59
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of ciprofloxacin in enterobacteriaceae?

A

Target modification

60
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of linezolid in staph and enterococci?

A

Target modification

61
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of NDM-1 in enterobacteriaceae?

A

Enzymatic degradation

62
Q

What is the resistance mechanism of chloramphenicol in staphylococci?

A

Enzyme degradation

63
Q

What is the key aspect of an ecological study?

A

Document co-occurence of disease and other factors in a population

64
Q

What is the key aspect of a cross sectional study?

A

Establish magnitude of disease and factors in population at a single point in time

65
Q

What is the key aspect of a case-control study?

A

Compare prevalence of a suspected risk factor in cases and controls and identify associations

66
Q

What is the key aspect of a cohort study?

A

Measure risk of disease association with exposure to a factor in a prospective design

67
Q

What is the key aspect of a experimental study?

A

Provide strong evidence of a causal relationship between exposure and disease

68
Q

Which study design is cheap and relatively easy?

A

Ecological

69
Q

Which study design is useful for chronic diseases with high prevalence but low incidence?

A

Cross sectional

70
Q

What is the model of choice for studying rare diseases?

A

Case-control

71
Q

Which study design can determine spectrum of disease resulting from exposure?

A

Cohort

72
Q
A

DTMH (5 decks)

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