Week 2

Question 1

What are the 3 kinds of bonds?

Answer 1

Ionic, Covalent and Hydrogen

Question 2

Water has a high heat capacity. What does that mean?

Answer 2

It can absorb a lot of heat before changing temperature.

Question 3

What kind of molecules are hydrophilic and dissolve well in water?

Answer 3

Charged particles such as ions of polar molecules.

Question 4

This is a unit of measurement in chemistry and means 6.023 x 10^23 individual molecules.

Answer 4

The mole.

Question 5

The Molar is a measurement of concentration and means 1 mole of substance in how much solution?

Answer 5

1 Litre.

Question 6

What kinds of reactions release more energy than they absorb?

Answer 6

Exergonic

Question 7

If a solution becomes more acidic, what happens to its pH?

Answer 7

It goes down.

Question 8

What are the 4 main organic molecules in the human body?

Answer 8

Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins.

Question 9

What are the three main reactions that occur in the human body?

Answer 9

Synthesis (Anabolic), Decomposition (Catabolic) and Exchange

Question 10

What is the role of catalysts in reactions?

Answer 10

Catalysts lower the activation energy of the reaction, which increases the rate of reaction.

Question 11

What organic functional group if the pH gets too high?

Answer 11

Carboxylic acid group

Question 12

What organic functional group can accept hydrogen ions if the pH gets too low?

Answer 12

Amine group

Question 13

What is the importance of hydroxyl groups?

Answer 13

They can release hydrogen ions if the pH gets too high and they enable dehydration synthesis to combine molecules.

Question 14

What is the importance of phosphate groups?

Answer 14

They store energy in high energy bonds and can form chains of molecule (seen in nucleic acids)

Question 15

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in what ratio?

Answer 15

1:2:1

Question 16

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 16

They are a form of energy, they form part of nucleic acids, and they are a form of cellular ID molecules.

Question 17

This system involves chemical messages in the blood that regulate bodily processes.

Answer 17

Polysaccharide.

Question 18

What non-polar molecules serve as dense energy sources and form a crucial part of the cell membrane?

Answer 18

Lipids

Question 19

What are the types of lipids?

Answer 19

Fatty Acids, Conjugated Lipids, Eicosanoids, Steriods and glycerides.

Question 20

Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen with what functional group at one end?

Answer 20

Carboxylic acid group.

Question 21

Fatty acids combine with gylcerol to form what?

Answer 21

Triglycerides

Question 22

What are the functions of triglycerides?

Answer 22

Energy storage, insulation and protection (cushioning).

Question 23

What is the most abundant kind of organic molecule in the human body?

Answer 23

Proteins

Question 24

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 24

Amino Acids

Question 25

When amino acids are joined together they release a water (H2O) molecule. What kind of reaction is this?

Answer 25

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 26

What are the main functions of proteins?

Answer 26

Structure and support, movement, transport of molecules, buffering (resisting pH changes), catalytic (enzymes), signalling (as hormones), defense (e.g. antibodies).

Question 27

All amino acids have both an amine group and carboxylic acid group, but what part makes them unique?

Answer 27

The side chain.

Question 28

What are the four structural levels of proteins?

Answer 28

1. Primary (amino acid sequence) 2. Secondary (α-helices and β-sheets maintained by hydrogen bonds) 3. Tertiary (final 3 dimensional shape of a polypeptide) 4. Quaternary (several polypeptides combined)

Question 29

What are characteristics of enzymes?

Answer 29

1. They are specific for one kind of reaction 2. They can be saturated (limit where reaction rate doesn’t increase) 3. They can be regulated, i.e. switched off and on.

Question 30

What are the two main classes of nucleic acid?

Answer 30

DNA and RNA

Question 31

Nucleic acids consist of a nitrogenous base, a sugar group, and what else?

Answer 31

A phosphate group.

Question 32

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases that are in nucleic acids?

Answer 32

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA), and Uracil (RNA)

Question 33

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 33

Store genetic information

Question 34

What is the function of RNA?

Answer 34

Transcribes genes and makes proteins