Week 2 Flashcards
What are imaging biomarkers?
Imaging biomarkers are indicators derived from imaging studies that can aid in diagnosis, predict treatment response, or assess prognosis in medical conditions, and be used as alternative end points in testing.
They should have positive predictive values of at least 80%.
What are the three types of biomarkers mentioned?
- Diagnostic biomarkers
- Predictive biomarkers
- Prognostic biomarkers
What did the meta-analysis find regarding fMRI and treatment response in depression?
Context is the biomarkers and fMRI
Fu et Al.
The meta-analysis found that activation in the pregenual and anterior subgenual cingulate areas predicts a positive response to treatment, while activation in posterior subgenual cingulate areas, amygdala, striatum, and insula predicts a poor response
Patients initially no medication and fMRI. Response to treatment?
Individual studies were under-powered and often did not report predictive accuracy.
What machine learning method was used to predict treatment response in depression?
Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to estimate the accuracy of predictive models
This involves leaving out one subject at a time and re-running the model.
What accuracy did Williams and colleagues find regarding amygdala reactivity and treatment response?
75% accuracy
What structural imaging technique was used to predict antidepressant response?
Diffusion tensor imaging
This technique maps white matter tracts in the brain.
What psychological model discusses vulnerability to depression?
The model by Abramson and colleagues, which claims vulnerability to depression is due to overgeneralized self-blame.
What abnormality was found in the subgenual region of people with major depression?
Abnormal metabolism
How is the subgenual cingulate linked to guilt and self-blame?
It is active when individuals experience guilt and self-blame and is linked to altruistic behavior.
More than receiving rewards.
What differentiates self-blame from blaming others in major depression?
Self-blame is overgeneralized, while negative feelings towards others are relatively rare and not diagnostic.
What area of the brain helps differentiate interpretations of social behavior?
Right anterior temporal lobe
What was hypothesized about the communication between the right anterior temporal lobe and the subgenual cingulate?
Vulnerability to depression is associated with disrupted communication between these areas during self-blame.
What did the findings regarding connectivity between brain areas reveal?
Higher connectivity for self-blame was found in individuals vulnerable to depression, contrary to initial predictions. Predictions were that there would be lower connectivity for self-blame compared to blaming others.
What was the accuracy of predicting recurrence risk using machine learning?
75% accuracy
