Week 1 Revision Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT typically a characteristic of preventative interventions for affective disorders, according to the lecture?
b) High cost
According to the lecture, what is a major challenge associated with preventative strategies for affective disorders?
b) They have traditionally not been very successful.
What does ‘prodrome’ refer to in the context of affective disorders?
b) A state that signifies a possible impending relapse.
Why is early intervention considered a priority in treating affective disorders?
c) Delays to appropriate intervention are associated with poorer long-term outcomes.
In Michael Berk’s trial, which medication was found to be superior for people with bipolar disorder after their first episode of mania?
c) Lithium
What is a significant challenge in conducting trials on early intervention for affective disorders?
c) Difficulty in identifying sufficient sample sizes of people who are early in the course of illness
The lecture mentions that treatment selection for affective disorders is often done using what kind of approach?
c) A trial and error approach
According to the lecture, what might overactivity of inflammatory responses predict in people with depression?
b) A poorer response to standard antidepressant medications
What did the Taylor et al. study focus on?
b) Non-biological predictors of response to augmentation therapies in treatment-resistant depression
What is the next step once a model is found to successfully predict treatment response in affective disorders?
b) Replication in other retrospective studies
What is stratified medicine?
b) Categorizing people based on characteristics (e.g. biomarkers) and targeting treatments accordingly
According to the lecture, why has depression received more attention in research compared to bipolar disorder?
b) Depression is a common feature across most affective disorders and carries a higher burden.
What is a challenge in researching people who are experiencing mania?
d) Participants always have the capacity to provide fully informed consent to research.
True or False: According to the lecture, large-scale research drives with many participants and data types can be facilitated via technological and social progress.
a) True
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to achieve optimized treatment in the real world?
d) Ignoring evidence-based practice
According to the lecture, what is the main characteristic of affective disorders?
b) Disturbance in an individual’s mood
Which of the following is another term for major depressive disorder, as mentioned in the lecture?
b) Clinical depression
What is the key difference between bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, according to the lecture?
c) Bipolar disorder involves cycling between depressed and elevated moods.
Which organization publishes the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)?
c) American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Which classification system is more widely used in Europe and other parts of the world?
b) ICD
What is the current edition of the DSM, according to the lecture?
c) DSM-5
In the context of mental health classification, what does ‘comorbidity’ refer to?
b) The co-occurrence of additional diseases or disorders
According to the lecture, what is a common comorbidity with affective disorders?
b) Anxiety disorders
The lecture mentions that mood disorders can be hard to diagnose in youth because they are sometimes confused with:
b) Normal teenage behavior or drug use
According to the lecture, depression has been associated with an increased risk of what condition in older age?
b) Dementia
In the context of the lecture, what is the key difference between a ‘cause’ and a ‘correlate’ of an affective disorder?
b) A cause produces an effect, while a correlate accompanies another phenomenon.
The lecture suggests that both ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ are important factors in affective disorders. What do ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ refer to in this context?
b) Genes and environment
Which of the following is mentioned as a potential factor influencing affective disorders?
b) The bacteria in our digestive system (gut microbiome)
True or False: According to the lecture, anxiety is always considered a part of mood disorders.
b) False
Which of the following is not explicitly mentioned in the lecture as a factor that causes or correlates with affective disorders?
c) Level of Education
Which of the following is NOT another term for Major Depressive Disorder mentioned in the transcript?
c) Dysthymia
According to the lecture, what is the primary function of both the DSM and ICD classification systems?
b) To offer a common language and standard criteria for diagnosing and categorizing patients
Which of the following is published by the World Health Organization (WHO)?
b) The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
According to the transcript, the DSM is most popular in:
c) The USA
In the DSM-5, which of the following is classified as a Bipolar Disorder?
c) Cyclothymic Disorder
The ICD-10 classifies mood disorders as:
b) Mental and behavioural disorders.
What does the term ‘comorbidities’ refer to in the context of affective disorders?
b) Additional diseases or disorders that co-occur with the main affective disorder
According to the lecture, which of the following anxiety disorders is NOT included in the DSM?
d) Somatoform Disorders
Within the ICD-10, where is anxiety grouped?
c) Dissociative, Stress-related, and Somatoform Disorders
The transcript indicates that mood disorders are often difficult to diagnose in youth because they can be mistaken for:
b) Normal teenage behaviour or drug use
What is the lecture’s key point regarding affective disorders and their impact?
b) They cause significant suffering and economic burden.
What increased risk is associated with depression according to the meta-analysis mentioned in the lecture?
b) Increased risk of dementia
According to the lecture, what is the main challenge when trying to understand affective disorders?
a) Distinguishing between causes and correlates
True or False: According to the lecture, genes are the sole determinant of whether someone will develop an affective disorder.
b) False
Which of the following factors is mentioned in the lecture as a potential influence on affective disorders?
b) Gut microbiome
According to the lecture, what is a key consideration when using postmortem brain samples to study affective disorders?
b) The samples may not reflect the early stages of the illness due to prior treatments.
What is a limitation of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the study of affective disorders?
b) Epigenetic changes are erased during the reprogramming process.
According to the lecture, why are animal models used to study affective disorders?
b) They are useful for studying brain-behavior relationships and identifying new drug targets.
Which of the following is an example of an environmental manipulation used in animal models of affective disorders?
c) Social isolation
What is the purpose of removing tryptophan from an animal’s diet in the context of studying affective disorders?
c) To disrupt the serotonin system
According to the lecture, what is a potential benefit of identifying genes related to affective disorders?
b) It would allow for the prediction of behaviors and identification of severe cases.
What percentage range does the lecture estimate for the genetic contribution to bipolar disorders?
c) 80-90%
What was a key finding of the Psychiatric Genomes Consortium mega-analysis, as mentioned in the lecture?
c) No single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) reaching genome-wide significance was found for depression.
What was a key characteristic of the participants in the Converge study mentioned in the lecture?
b) They were all Chinese women with recurrent depression.
What is the genetic contribution to depression?
The genetic contribution to depression is negligible.
Was a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found for depression?
No single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) reaching genome-wide significance was found for depression.
What primarily causes depression?
Depression is primarily caused by environmental factors.
What was a key characteristic of the participants in the Converge study?
They were all Chinese women with recurrent depression.
What is the main difference between structural and functional imaging techniques?
Structural imaging looks at brain anatomy, while functional imaging measures brain activity.
Which imaging techniques can be used to study the structure of the brain?
MRI.
Which imaging technique measures electrical activity in the brain?
EEG.
The Converge study identified two regions with genome-wide significance on which chromosome?
Chromosome 5.
True or False: Rodents are NOT useful in understanding the biological underpinning of disorders.
False.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a procedure used to elicit abnormal behaviors in animal models of affective disorders?
Restrained Movement.
According to the WHO, depression is considered the:
a) Second leading cause of disability worldwide
b) Leading cause of disability worldwide
c) Third leading cause of disability worldwide
d) Not a significant cause of disability
b) Leading cause of disability worldwide
According to the DSM-5, how many symptoms must be present during the same two-week period to be diagnosed with depression?
c) 5 or more
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression according to the DSM-5 criteria mentioned in the lecture?
c) Excessive hunger
The first antidepressants were initially used as medications for:
c) Tuberculosis
Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT considered a monoamine?
d) Glutamate
The enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters is inhibited by which type of medication?
c) MAO inhibitors
What is neurogenesis?
c) The production of new neurons in adulthood
Where does neurogenesis occur in the adult brain, according to the lecture?
b) Subventricular zone and subgranular zone of the hippocampus
According to the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, what effect do stress and glucocorticoids have on neurogenesis?
b) Decrease neurogenesis
What effect do antidepressants and exercise have on neurogenesis, according to the lecture?
b) Increase neurogenesis
What is oxidative stress?
c) An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants
True or False: According to the lecture, decreased levels of oxidative stress correlate with depression.
b) False
How long does it typically take for patients to feel the mood-improving effects of antidepressants, even though neurotransmitter levels change quickly?
b) 2-6 weeks
Which of the following therapies, besides antidepressants, is known to increase neurogenesis?
b) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The lecture emphasizes the importance of:
c) Taking a holistic approach to understanding and treating mood disorders
