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Psychology and neuroscience of Affective Disorders > Week 1 Revision > Flashcards

Week 1 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT typically a characteristic of preventative interventions for affective disorders, according to the lecture?

A

b) High cost

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2
Q

According to the lecture, what is a major challenge associated with preventative strategies for affective disorders?

A

b) They have traditionally not been very successful.

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3
Q

What does ‘prodrome’ refer to in the context of affective disorders?

A

b) A state that signifies a possible impending relapse.

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4
Q

Why is early intervention considered a priority in treating affective disorders?

A

c) Delays to appropriate intervention are associated with poorer long-term outcomes.

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5
Q

In Michael Berk’s trial, which medication was found to be superior for people with bipolar disorder after their first episode of mania?

A

c) Lithium

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6
Q

What is a significant challenge in conducting trials on early intervention for affective disorders?

A

c) Difficulty in identifying sufficient sample sizes of people who are early in the course of illness

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7
Q

The lecture mentions that treatment selection for affective disorders is often done using what kind of approach?

A

c) A trial and error approach

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8
Q

According to the lecture, what might overactivity of inflammatory responses predict in people with depression?

A

b) A poorer response to standard antidepressant medications

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9
Q

What did the Taylor et al. study focus on?

A

b) Non-biological predictors of response to augmentation therapies in treatment-resistant depression

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10
Q

What is the next step once a model is found to successfully predict treatment response in affective disorders?

A

b) Replication in other retrospective studies

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11
Q

What is stratified medicine?

A

b) Categorizing people based on characteristics (e.g. biomarkers) and targeting treatments accordingly

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12
Q

According to the lecture, why has depression received more attention in research compared to bipolar disorder?

A

b) Depression is a common feature across most affective disorders and carries a higher burden.

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13
Q

What is a challenge in researching people who are experiencing mania?

A

d) Participants always have the capacity to provide fully informed consent to research.

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14
Q

True or False: According to the lecture, large-scale research drives with many participants and data types can be facilitated via technological and social progress.

A

a) True

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to achieve optimized treatment in the real world?

A

d) Ignoring evidence-based practice

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16
Q

According to the lecture, what is the main characteristic of affective disorders?

A

b) Disturbance in an individual’s mood

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17
Q

Which of the following is another term for major depressive disorder, as mentioned in the lecture?

A

b) Clinical depression

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18
Q

What is the key difference between bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, according to the lecture?

A

c) Bipolar disorder involves cycling between depressed and elevated moods.

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19
Q

Which organization publishes the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)?

A

c) American Psychiatric Association (APA)

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20
Q

Which classification system is more widely used in Europe and other parts of the world?

A

b) ICD

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21
Q

What is the current edition of the DSM, according to the lecture?

A

c) DSM-5

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22
Q

In the context of mental health classification, what does ‘comorbidity’ refer to?

A

b) The co-occurrence of additional diseases or disorders

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23
Q

According to the lecture, what is a common comorbidity with affective disorders?

A

b) Anxiety disorders

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24
Q

The lecture mentions that mood disorders can be hard to diagnose in youth because they are sometimes confused with:

A

b) Normal teenage behavior or drug use

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25
Q

According to the lecture, depression has been associated with an increased risk of what condition in older age?

A

b) Dementia

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26
Q

In the context of the lecture, what is the key difference between a ‘cause’ and a ‘correlate’ of an affective disorder?

A

b) A cause produces an effect, while a correlate accompanies another phenomenon.

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27
Q

The lecture suggests that both ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ are important factors in affective disorders. What do ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ refer to in this context?

A

b) Genes and environment

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28
Q

Which of the following is mentioned as a potential factor influencing affective disorders?

A

b) The bacteria in our digestive system (gut microbiome)

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29
Q

True or False: According to the lecture, anxiety is always considered a part of mood disorders.

A

b) False

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30
Q

Which of the following is not explicitly mentioned in the lecture as a factor that causes or correlates with affective disorders?

A

c) Level of Education

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31
Q

Which of the following is NOT another term for Major Depressive Disorder mentioned in the transcript?

A

c) Dysthymia

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32
Q

According to the lecture, what is the primary function of both the DSM and ICD classification systems?

A

b) To offer a common language and standard criteria for diagnosing and categorizing patients

33
Q

Which of the following is published by the World Health Organization (WHO)?

A

b) The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

34
Q

According to the transcript, the DSM is most popular in:

A

c) The USA

35
Q

In the DSM-5, which of the following is classified as a Bipolar Disorder?

A

c) Cyclothymic Disorder

36
Q

The ICD-10 classifies mood disorders as:

A

b) Mental and behavioural disorders.

37
Q

What does the term ‘comorbidities’ refer to in the context of affective disorders?

A

b) Additional diseases or disorders that co-occur with the main affective disorder

38
Q

According to the lecture, which of the following anxiety disorders is NOT included in the DSM?

A

d) Somatoform Disorders

39
Q

Within the ICD-10, where is anxiety grouped?

A

c) Dissociative, Stress-related, and Somatoform Disorders

40
Q

The transcript indicates that mood disorders are often difficult to diagnose in youth because they can be mistaken for:

A

b) Normal teenage behaviour or drug use

41
Q

What is the lecture’s key point regarding affective disorders and their impact?

A

b) They cause significant suffering and economic burden.

42
Q

What increased risk is associated with depression according to the meta-analysis mentioned in the lecture?

A

b) Increased risk of dementia

43
Q

According to the lecture, what is the main challenge when trying to understand affective disorders?

A

a) Distinguishing between causes and correlates

44
Q

True or False: According to the lecture, genes are the sole determinant of whether someone will develop an affective disorder.

A

b) False

45
Q

Which of the following factors is mentioned in the lecture as a potential influence on affective disorders?

A

b) Gut microbiome

46
Q

According to the lecture, what is a key consideration when using postmortem brain samples to study affective disorders?

A

b) The samples may not reflect the early stages of the illness due to prior treatments.

47
Q

What is a limitation of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the study of affective disorders?

A

b) Epigenetic changes are erased during the reprogramming process.

48
Q

According to the lecture, why are animal models used to study affective disorders?

A

b) They are useful for studying brain-behavior relationships and identifying new drug targets.

49
Q

Which of the following is an example of an environmental manipulation used in animal models of affective disorders?

A

c) Social isolation

50
Q

What is the purpose of removing tryptophan from an animal’s diet in the context of studying affective disorders?

A

c) To disrupt the serotonin system

51
Q

According to the lecture, what is a potential benefit of identifying genes related to affective disorders?

A

b) It would allow for the prediction of behaviors and identification of severe cases.

52
Q

What percentage range does the lecture estimate for the genetic contribution to bipolar disorders?

A

c) 80-90%

53
Q

What was a key finding of the Psychiatric Genomes Consortium mega-analysis, as mentioned in the lecture?

A

c) No single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) reaching genome-wide significance was found for depression.

54
Q

What was a key characteristic of the participants in the Converge study mentioned in the lecture?

A

b) They were all Chinese women with recurrent depression.

55
Q

What is the genetic contribution to depression?

A

The genetic contribution to depression is negligible.

56
Q

Was a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found for depression?

A

No single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) reaching genome-wide significance was found for depression.

57
Q

What primarily causes depression?

A

Depression is primarily caused by environmental factors.

58
Q

What was a key characteristic of the participants in the Converge study?

A

They were all Chinese women with recurrent depression.

59
Q

What is the main difference between structural and functional imaging techniques?

A

Structural imaging looks at brain anatomy, while functional imaging measures brain activity.

60
Q

Which imaging techniques can be used to study the structure of the brain?

A

MRI.

61
Q

Which imaging technique measures electrical activity in the brain?

A

EEG.

62
Q

The Converge study identified two regions with genome-wide significance on which chromosome?

A

Chromosome 5.

63
Q

True or False: Rodents are NOT useful in understanding the biological underpinning of disorders.

A

False.

64
Q

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a procedure used to elicit abnormal behaviors in animal models of affective disorders?

A

Restrained Movement.

65
Q

According to the WHO, depression is considered the:

a) Second leading cause of disability worldwide
b) Leading cause of disability worldwide
c) Third leading cause of disability worldwide
d) Not a significant cause of disability

A

b) Leading cause of disability worldwide

66
Q

According to the DSM-5, how many symptoms must be present during the same two-week period to be diagnosed with depression?

A

c) 5 or more

67
Q

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression according to the DSM-5 criteria mentioned in the lecture?

A

c) Excessive hunger

68
Q

The first antidepressants were initially used as medications for:

A

c) Tuberculosis

69
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT considered a monoamine?

A

d) Glutamate

70
Q

The enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters is inhibited by which type of medication?

A

c) MAO inhibitors

71
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

c) The production of new neurons in adulthood

72
Q

Where does neurogenesis occur in the adult brain, according to the lecture?

A

b) Subventricular zone and subgranular zone of the hippocampus

73
Q

According to the neurogenesis hypothesis of depression, what effect do stress and glucocorticoids have on neurogenesis?

A

b) Decrease neurogenesis

74
Q

What effect do antidepressants and exercise have on neurogenesis, according to the lecture?

A

b) Increase neurogenesis

75
Q

What is oxidative stress?

A

c) An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants

76
Q

True or False: According to the lecture, decreased levels of oxidative stress correlate with depression.

A

b) False

77
Q

How long does it typically take for patients to feel the mood-improving effects of antidepressants, even though neurotransmitter levels change quickly?

A

b) 2-6 weeks

78
Q

Which of the following therapies, besides antidepressants, is known to increase neurogenesis?

A

b) Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

79
Q

The lecture emphasizes the importance of:

A

c) Taking a holistic approach to understanding and treating mood disorders

Psychology and neuroscience of Affective Disorders (7 decks)

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