week 2 Flashcards
what does policy refer too
- plans and procedures developed and implemented by governments, agencies, organizations, and assoications to achieve desired goals
public policy
refers to course of action or inaction chosen by public authoritires to address a given problem anchored in beliefs about the best way to ahcieve those goals
- more broad than health policy
how do individual or group taking action on public issue do it
advocacy, policitcal ideology, or politics
who is invloved in the public policy
takeholders, political represntatives, government
public policy defition
an issue is not a private but needs to be addresses by the larger society in the public domain
health policy
- politics
- power
- process
debated the process of health policy: highly on politics
politics is _____
multidimensional
politics as government
associated with the art of government and the activities of the state
politics as public life
concerned with the conduct and manangement of community affairs
poltiics as conflict resolution
concerned with the expression and resolution of conflicts through compromise, conciliation, negotiation, and other strategies
politics as power
the process through which desired outcome are achieved in the production, distribution, and use of scarce resources in all areas of social existence
politics
political parties & civial society organizations- movements and coalitiaons that moblize to address a particular issue and to seek specific changes iin public policy
canada is a ____
mutli-party system
- liberals
- conservation
- green party
- quecbuis
- NDP
political ideology
a system of ideas
- about the key issue and what should be done about them
- influence policity and ways they adminstrate their plans
healthy policy scope
- health care & other health related public policies
- the state, rep by the government determines the organization of health care and resource allocations for the delivery of health care services to the populations
- health care financing and delivery
example of public policy
- education is able to everyone, everyone deserves access to education
- minimun wage
- taxes
- immgration policy
exampel of health policy
- universal health care in canada
- vaccinated in schools/ needed vaccines
who is the gatekeeper to many aspects of the health care system in canada
- government
- medical professionals
what kind of health care system is canada
public health care
Canadas concern with health status indicators =
effect of health caer access and delivery
how many phases aare in health policy canada
2
the first phase
would be to remove the financial barrier between those giving the service and those receiving it
the second phase
would be to reorganize and revamp the delivery system- and its a big item that has not been done- tommy douglas
basics principle of canadian health care system
- the need VS the ability to pay
do you think we should limit out understanding of health policy to health care services
no, its much broader. there are also social determinants of health that need to be understood and helped
what are the roles of federal and provincial govern in health care
in canada- share responsbility
- delivery and supportive of the health care services
canadian ferderalism
legislative authority between national government and provincial and territoral gov
the federal gov
- pay some of the costs of provincial and territoral health care programs
- sets some of the rules for health service provision by the provinces and territoires
- provides health care services to some gorups, such as indigenous canadians on reserves and members of the military
health care reform and contemporary debates in canada
- role of private sector and delivering health care services
- waittime and health care guarantees
values
beliefs that influence political ideology
what are the 2 broad theories of public policy
consensus
conflict
consensus
- assumptions from natural and physical sciences
- rational consideration of alternative
- cost/benefit analysis
- focus on technical issues
- little focus on economic, political, or social forces
conflict
- recognition of the role of ideologies and values
- groups have differential access to power
- economic, political, social force affect policy
- focus on inequalities
- consider broader macro issues in the organization and development of health care policy
market model
- motivating people
- self interest is what brings about change
neoliberalism and health policy
influenced it are more broadly conceived
- led to significant reduction in government support of important social determinants of health such as housing, income, food and security among others
polis model focus
community well being, rather than individual
- political activities are organized around providing for the common good
ways of thinknig about health
- medical
- behavioural/lifestyle
- socio-environmental
- structural/critical
the market model focus
individuals engage in various activities, usually ecnonic to enhance their welfare
- exchanging goods and services with the secpectation that such trades will be beneficial to both sides
health as medicaly determinded
- most dominant in canada and elsewehre
- physiolgical risk factors and diseases
- rooted in health individualism
- medical intervention
- health policy: medical care devlivery
health as behavioural/lifestyle determined
- focus on behavioural risk factors, diet and smoking
- aims to change behaviour
- interventions: health promotion and social marketing
- individualism
health as socio-environmentally determined
- materialism
- focus on community and social factors like poverty or living and working conditions
- some individualism depsite directing the attention to larger environment
- no direct focus on the effect of larger economic, political and soical forces that shape the local envronments
intervention of socio-environment
community development, political action and advocacy
key agents of change- health as socio-environment
citizens, welfare organizations, political movements (social justice movements, political parties)
health as structually determined
- neo-materialism
- reject individualism
- focused on ideologies and organization of society
- aim is to address inequalitites
interventions of structually determined
attention is on policy change
- mobilizing the population for poplitical action to bring about desired public policy changes
2 features of socially constructued
- roles of political ideology and political power in shaping the organziation and delivery of health care
- examining how a society organizes the production and distribution of social and econmic resources that shape health
example of medical model
treatment of hypertension with precription medications and regular check ups
example of behavioural/lifestyle model
a national campaign to reduce smoking rates by encouragaing smoking cessatino and promoting healthy lifestyle choices
example of socio-environmental model
programs aimed at improving community access to fresh produce in food deserts to combat obesity
example of structual.critical model
advocacy for healthcare reforms that address systemic inequalities, such as universal healthcare access for all socio-economic groups
onotology
what is the nature of reality
epistemology
what is knowledge
methodolgy
what tools do we use to generate knowledge
social theories
- positivism
- interpretivism
- critical theory
what is positivism beliefts (ontology)
- a natural world exists outside of human interpretation
- we can acquire objective knowledge about the world
what is positivism
positive affirmatino of theories through scientific methods
- universal laws of natural phenomena and human behaviour
about positivsm
- objective, generalizability
- physical, biological, and health sciences (epistemolgoy)
- collection and analysis of quantitative data (methodology)
- post-positivism
what is interpretivism focus
How people understand the world
The shared meanings we create to make sense of things
- all views are equal “live experiences”
interpretivism methology
qualitative research (enthnography, grounded theory)
when is interpretivism useful
in health sciences, but is seen as subordinate to positivism
critisisms of interpretivism
- Failure to investigate social systems
- Doesn’t question what health and health problems are in the first place
critical theory goals
- Critique and transform society
- Describe structures and processes of power and hierarchy not considered by positivists or interpretivism
critical theory focus
on social, political, and econmic context in which people describe their lived experinces
- the cuases why is it happening?
what is critical theory
- investgate the distribution of resources and lived experiences
- the analysis is independent of citizens perception (as in interpretivism)
approach to health: medical what is the research paradigm
positivism
approach to health: behavioural/lifestyle what is the research paradigm
positivism, post-positivism
approach to health: socio-environment what is the research paradigm
interpretive
structural/critical is the approach to health what is the research paradigm
ciritical theory
