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HS2801 > WEEK 2 > Flashcards

WEEK 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Evan’s-Stoddart Model

A
  • social + physical + genetic environment, then the disease
  • we treat the disease, but forgetting to consider the “environments” will undo previous work.
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2
Q

Eco -Social Model

A
  • best for research
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3
Q

How is data usually collected in Health Sciences?

A

sampling, except for census.

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4
Q

Census

A

include everyone.

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5
Q

Population Levels

A
  • target population (general public your study applies to)
  • source population (share specific characteristics)
  • sample population (people you approach to take part)
  • study population (people who agree to take part)
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6
Q

Probability Sampling

A

probability of a sampling unit to be selected.

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7
Q

What are the different probability sampling types?

A
  • simple random sampling
  • stratified sampling
  • cluster sampling
  • multistage sampling
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8
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A
  • no bias
  • completely random
  • may not get an accurate representation of the target population.
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9
Q

Stratified Sampling

A
  • random samples from distinct groups created from shared /similar characteristics. (geography, sex)
  • people are randomly selected from the groups.
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10
Q

Cluster Sampling

A
  • natural clusters are formed
  • all units in a cluster are used.
  • randomly select the clusters, not the people within the clusters.
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11
Q

Multistage Sampling

A
  • primary units are selected
  • the secondary units are selected from the primary units.
  • no bias
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11
Q

What are the non-probability-based sampling methods?

A
  • convenience sampling
  • purposive sampling
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12
Q

Convenience Sampling

A
  • recruitment is based on accommodating access for individuals, schools, and communities.
  • does not produce a representative sample.
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12
Q

What are 2 errors that can occur in sampling?

A
  • external validity
  • sampling bias
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12
Q

Purposive Sampling

A
  • recruitment of people based on the information they can provide.
  • key informants: chosen so they have expertise relevant to the study topic.
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13
Q

Vulnerable Populations

A
  • limited ability to make decisions about volunteering to participate
  • young children, individuals with health issues, prison, socially marginalized people, and pregnant women.
  • should not be selected unless necessary
14
Q

Sample size importance?

A
  • you want the right amount so resources arent wasted and results remain valid.
  • smaller error = larger sample size
  • The effect of exposure on outcome = smaller sample size.
15
Q

What are the types of error?

A
  • Type 1 alpha error: there is a relationship within the study population that does not exist in the source (irl)
  • Type 2 beta error: there is no relationship within the study population that does exist in the source (irl)
  • both errors have both the null and alternative hypothesis as correct.
16
Q

power

A

1-beta error
- determines the ability to detect a true relationship

17
Q

Data collection in health

A
  • interviewing
  • questionnaire
  • survey instruments
  • sampling tissue
  • blood work
  • direct measurement of physical functioning
  • imaging
18
Q

Interviews

A
  • verbally asking questions and recording responses
  • trained interviewers = ensure accuracy and completeness
  • major time commitment
  • open-ended
  • semi-structured = illicit responses
  • can see body movements
19
Q

Probing

A
  • prompting an interviewee to expand on an answer to provide a completed response
20
Q

Self-Administered Survey V. Interview

A

Interview:
- can be trained to ensure accuracy and completeness
- time commitment
- expensive

Self-Administered Survey:
- time and cost-efficient
- reaches a large number of people
- honest answers to sensitive questions
- problem with populations of low literacy
- people with limited access to the Internet.

21
Q

Interviewer Bias

A
  • the interviewer asks different questions for the cases and controls.
  • probing only individuals they suspect of having more information
22
Q

Questionnaire

A
  • series of questions to gather data
  • the first set of topics allows the researcher to determine the eligibility
  • close-ended questions only allow for limited responses
    (nominal = no built-in order…ordinal = inherently ordered questions)
  • open-ended questions allow for unlimited answers.
23
Q

Things to consider in a questionnaire (7)?

A
  1. Order of questions
  2. Getting the correct answer
  3. Data recording methods
  4. Layout and formatting
  5. SKIP logic codes
  6. Back translation
  7. Pilot testing

HS2801 (3 decks)

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