Week 2 Flashcards
Etiology
The casual problem of abnormal behavior
Necessary Cause
a condition that must exist for a disorder to occur
Sufficient cause
A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder (for example hopelessness about one’s future causes depression but it is not the only cause
Contributory causes
when a cause increases the probability of a disorder developing but it is neither necessary nor sufficient for the disorder to occur
Distal Causal factors
when a causal factor occurs early in life so the effects do not show up until later in life
Proximal Casual Factors
a causal factor that occurs shortly before the onset of a disorder
Reinforcing contributory cause
a condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occuring
Diathesis
a predisposition toward developing a disorder, vulnerability that can derive from biological psychological or sociocultural causal factors
Diathesis-Stress Models
a psychological theory that explains how a combination of a predisposition and stress can lead to a disorder
Stress
the response or experience of an individual to demands that he or she perceives as a taxing or exceeding his or her personal resources
Additive model
individuals who have a high level of diathesis may need to experience a low amount of stress before a disorder develops
Interactive model
the idea that some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect `
Protective Factors
influences that modify a person’s response to environmental stressors, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse consequences of the stressors
Resilience
the ability to adapt successfully to even very stressful situations`
Genotype
a person’s total genetic makeup
Phenotype
the observed structural and functional characteristics that result from an interaction between genotype and the environment
Genotype-environment interaction
people with different genotypes may be differentially sensitive or susceptible to their environment
What are the methods of studying Genetic influences
Family History
Twin method
Adoption Method
Linkage analysis
Association studies
Family history method
compare incidence rate in family to rate in population
Twin method
compare rates of disorders in identical twins to rates in nonidentical twins
adoption method
compare adopted offspring with normal biological parents to offspring with biological parents with disorder
Linkage analysis
see if family members with disorder share commonality of a trait with known genetic marker
association studies
compare frequencies in population with and without disorder and compare frequencies of traits with known genetic markers
What are the five dimensions of temperament?
Fearfulness
irritability and frustration
positive affect
activity level
attentional persistence and effortful control
What are the dimensions of adult personality
Neuroticism or negative emotionality (fearfulness and irritability)
Extraversion or positive emotionality (positive affect and activity level)
Constraint (conscientiousness and agreeableness) –> (attentional persistence and effortful control
The Law of Effect
Thorndike’s theory that An organism behaves in a way that is instrumental in producing a reward
Responses followed by satisfaction (reward) will be strengthened
Responses followed by dissatisfaction (no reward or punishment) will be weakened
The strength of a response is adjusted according to the response’s consequences
What are the different types of defense mechanisms
Displacement
denial
rationalization
reaction formation
projection
repression
sublimation: behaving in socially acceptable ways
What are the stages of psychosexual development
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
Stimulus Acquisition
repeated pairing a CS with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
Stimulus extinction
after conditioning occurs, repeatedly showing the CS without the US will make the CR weaker and disappear
John B Watson
Little albert
How is classical conditioning important in treatment
helps understand where phobias come from and then being able to treat them
Albert Ellis
Developed the first form of behaviorally oriented cognitive therapy called rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Aaron Beck
developed a type of CBT that focuses on correcting cognitive errors and how someone sees the world and themselves
Different types of parenting styles
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
neglectful
Marsha Linehan
Developed Dialectical behavior therapy which prioritizes decreasing suicidal and self-harming behavior and increasing coping skills
