Week 2 Flashcards
zygomatic bones
attachment for different muscles that were in charge of mandibular movement
facial bones that house the brain in CNS
frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, nasal, zygomatic bones
shallow cavities at base of skull (CNS)
-supratentorial level
-posterior fossa level
supratentorial level
anterior and middle fossae
-optic and olfactory CN and this is accessible to neurologists
posterior fossa level
the paired cranial nerves exit through the posterior and middle fossae foramina (holes) to innervate the speech muscles
what doe crude localizations of neurologic disease often refer to
lesions of supratentorial and posterior fossa
3 protective layers of meninges
-dura, arachnoid, pia
dura
outermost tough layer (blood and CSF)
arachnoid
loosely to brain
pia mater
thin, innermost layer closely attached to brain
problems with meninges
: infection, vascular disorders, hydrocephalus, or trauma with hemorrhage and edema
where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced
subarachnoid space and ventricles
what is cerebrospinal fluid
CSF cushions (shock absorber) the CNS from physical trauma and maintains a stable environment for neural activity
-circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered by the brain and filters waste
supratentorial level
hemispheres, lobes, basal ganglia, thalamus, cranial nerves I and II
supratentorial: skeleton
skull (anterior and middle fossa)
supratentorial: meninges
above tentorium cerebelli
supratentorial: ventricular system
lateral and third ventricles, subarachnoid space
supratentorial: vascular system
carotid arterial system, ophthalmic arteries, middle cerebral arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, vertebrobasilar system, posterior cerebral arteries
motor speech disorders that are a result of supratentorial level
apraxia of speech, dysarthrias, spastic, hypo kinetic, and hyperkinetic dysarthrias, and unilateral UMN
posterior fossa brainstem components
pons, medulla, midbrain, and cerebellum
posterior fossa brainstem: skeleton
skull, posterior fossa
posterior fossa brainstem: meninges
below fax cerebelli
posterior fossa brainstem:
fourth ventricle, subarachnoid space
-inferior and superior colliculi which are relay systems for auditory and visual, white pathways, and reticular formation
if the patient is in a coma and struggles with respiration, issues with CNs where is this located
posterior fossa
spinal level: skeleton
vertebral column
spinal level: meninges
spinal meninges
spinal level: ventricular system
spinal, subarachnoid space
spinal level: vascular system
anterior spinal artery (sensory)
posterior spinal artery (motor)
motor speech disorders that are a result of spinal level
dysarthria, flaccid
why are the spinal nerves important for speech
respiratory muscles are innervated by this
peripheral (cranial and spinal nerves): skeleton
face and skull, non cranial and nonspinal bones
where do the CN’s originate
brainstem and exit skull foramina
where do spinal nerves originate
vertebral column
peripheral: meninges
none
peripheral: ventricular system
none
peripheral: vascular system
branches of major extremity vessels
motor speech disorders as a result of peripheral level
dysarthria, flaccid (injury)
CN I: olfactory
originated in cerebral hemispheres
-smell
CN II: optic
in diencephalon
-vision
CN III: oculomotor
-in midbrain
-eye movements
cranial nerves in charge of speech
V (trigeminal), VII (facial), X (vagus), XII (hypoglossal), IX (glossopharyngeal)
CN IV: trochlear
enables eye movement in superior oblique muscle
CN V: trigeminal
sensory and motor jaw movement
-face, mouth, jaw sensation
CN VI: abducens
in pons
-eye movement
CN VII: facial
-muscles of the face in charge of lip movement
-facial expression, saliva, taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN VIII: vestibulocochlear
hearing and balance
CN IX: glossopharyngeal
motor: pharyngeal musculature
sensory: posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx
CN X: vagus
in charge of phonation (abduction and adduction of VFs)
-in medulla and in charge of somatic and motor movements
CN XI: accessory
in charge of neck and shoulder movement
CN XII: hypoglossal
muscles of tongue and in charge of articulation
visceral system
maintaining a balanced internal environment (homeostasis) through the regulation of visceral glands and organs
-includes hypothalamus and part of limbic system, brainstem, reticular formation, and posterior of CN in posterior fossa
The CSF ventricular system
cushioning the CNS against physical trauma and to help maintain a stable environment for neural activity
vascular system
providing oxygen and other nutrients to neural structures and removing metabolic wastes from them
The consciousness system
maintaining wakefulness, consciousness, awareness of the environment and on a higher level, selective and sustained attention
The sensory system
Providing sensory information to brain (peripheral receptor of all organs of afferent fibers)
The motor system
maintaining normal muscle tone and posture, and to the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movement, including speech (efferent pathways carrying information away from cortex)
what happens if there is blockage or narrowing in the ventricles
increase of CSF pressure
chorid plexus
in charge of generating CSF
third ventricle
narrows into aqueduct of sylvius which is passage to 4th ventricle at level of cerebellum and brainstem
what does the 4th ventricle do
connects the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space
foramen of luschka and magendie
secretions will exit here and enter subarachnoid space
-CSF circulates subarachnoid space and is absorbed in arachnoid villi in brain or leptomeninges of spinal cord
what can cause dysarthria in the vascular system
disturbances in left or right carotid artery, middle, or anterior arteries
left middle cerebral artery
cause of proxy of speech
how does blood enter the brain
carotid and basilar system
-vertebral artery turns into basilar artery and supplies pons, medulla, cerebellum and cervical spinal
anterior communicating artery
connects anterior cerebral arterties
anterior cerebral arteries
parietal and frontal bones and supply mediall surface of cerebral hemispheres
internal carotid system
80% of brain’s blood supply (anterior circulation)
vertebral basilar system
from subclavian artery (20% and posterior circulation)
neurons
most important cellular element of nervous system and carry electrochemical activities and are in charge of nervous system function
3 components of neurons
dendrites, axons, body
body
provide metabolism for neuron function
dendrites
receive information
axon
carry information from cell body and communicates with cell body or dendrites
where is most communication between neurons
in synapse and neurotransmitter receptors are in the synaptic cleft
excitatory neurotransmitters
glutamate (CNS)
acetylcholine (PNS)- involved in skeletal muscle function
inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA-in a mature CNS and important in motor control activities of the basal ganglia and cerebellum
modulatory neurotransmitters
dopamine-BG (related to movement and aids in initiation and control of skilled motor acts and seen in hypo kinetic dysarthria)
Ach- modulates for learning and speech motor control in CNS
CN’s contributing to normal speech production
V (trigeminal)
VII (facial)
X (vagus)
XII (hypoglossal)
IX (glossopharyngeal)
