Week 2

Question 1

Name the bones of the skull

Answer 1

• Frontal bone
• Nasal bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Zygomatic bone
• Maxillary bone
• Parietal bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Temporal bone
• Ethmoid bone
• Mandible

Question 2

what are the 3 ossicles bones of the ear

Answer 2

Incus, malleus, stapes.

Question 3

What are the 7 bones contributing to the orbit of the eye

Answer 3

Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal

Question 4

What are the sutures of the skull

Answer 4

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid

Question 5

What is the pterion and its function

Answer 5

Located on the side of the skull where 4 bones meet
H shaped union between frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones

Question 6

What is the clinical significance of the pterion

Answer 6

Thin bone (3mm) and weakened structure due to many sutures

Question 7

What are the bones contributing to the floor of the skull

Answer 7

• Frontal none
• Ethmoid bone
• Sphenoid bone
• Occipital bone
• Parietal bone
• Temporal bone

Question 8

Which cranial bones contribute to the roof of the skull?

Answer 8

frontal, occipital and parietal bones (parietal bone has sagittal suture running down the middle of it)

Question 9

Which bones contribute to forming each suture?

Answer 9

Coronal - frontal and parietal bone
Sagittal - parietal bones
Lambdoid - parietal and occipital bone

Question 10

What structure lies behind the pterion and is vulnerable to injury?

Answer 10

damage to the middle meningeal artery can lead to the dura mater not being supplied which can lead to epidural hematoma

Question 11

What bone forms the upper and lower jaw?

Answer 11

maxilla - upper
mandible - lower

Question 12

What are the main muscles of mastication?

Answer 12

masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid

Question 13

What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Answer 13

Only moblie joint in skull
Junction between temporal bone & mandible and fibrocartilaginous disc sits in between

Question 14

what is the action of the masseter

Answer 14

Elevation and protrusion of mandible

Question 15

what is the action of the temporalis

Answer 15

Anterior fibers: Elevation of mandible
Posterior fibers: retraction of mandible

Question 16

what is the action of the lateral pterygoid

Answer 16

Depression and protrusion of the mandible

Question 17

what is the nerve responsible for the innervation of the mastication muscles

Answer 17

mandibular nerve

Question 18

Which artery supplies blood to the brain

Answer 18

Internal carotid artery

Question 19

Which artery supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum

Answer 19

Vertebral artery

Question 20

which artery supplies the dura mater

Answer 20

middle meningeal

Question 21

function of the vertebral column

Answer 21

transmit force
facilitate movement/sit of attachment for ligaments and tendons
protect spinal cord

Question 22

name the parts of the vertebrae in powerpoint

Answer 22

1 - vertebral body
2 - transverse foramen
3 - transverse process
4 - superior articular process
5 - vertebral foramen
6 - vertebral arch: pedicle and lamina
7 - spinous process
Arrows - bifurcation of spinous processes.

Question 23

typical cervical vertebrae

Answer 23

vertebral body - small and wider. has uncinate processes.
vertebral foramen - large and triangular
transverse processes - transverse foramen which has the vertebral artery (supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum) pass through from C1 to C6.
spinous processes - short and bifid. C7 is known as the vertebral prominens.

Question 24

What are uncovertebral joints

Answer 24

Located between uncinate processes.
Facilitate flexion/extension. Limit lateral flexion
Osteophytes on the uncinate process.

Question 25

what are the atypical cervical vertebrae

Answer 25

C1, C2, C7

Question 26

why is C2 atypical

Answer 26

C2: Presence of the dens. C1 sits on top.

Question 27

why is C1 atypical

Answer 27

C1: Posterior tubercle instead of spinous process

Question 28

why is C7 atypical

Answer 28

C7: a long spinous process (vertebral prominens)

Question 29

typical thoracic vertebrae

Answer 29

vertebral body - has costal facets for articulation of rib
vertebral foramen - circular and smaller than cervical and lumbar
transverse processes - long and strong.
spinous processes - tip extends to vertebral body below

Question 30

what are the atypical thoracic vertebrae

Answer 30

T1

T9-T12

Question 31

why is T1 atypical

Answer 31

T1: Complete costal facet, height of vertebral body and spinous process shape similar to cervical vertebrae.

Question 32

Why is T9 to T12 atypical

Answer 32

T9-T12: Complete costal facet. Spinous process starting to mimic characteristics of lumbar spine

Question 33

what are the typical lumbar vertebrae

Answer 33

vertebral body - large and kidney shaped
vertebral foramen - triangular. larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical
transverse processes - Long and slender; accessory process on posterior surface of base of each process.
spinous processes - short and sturdy; thick. Broad and paddle shaped

Question 34

What are the atypical lumbar vertebrae

Answer 34

L5

Question 35

why is L5 atypical

Answer 35

L5: Largest body and transverse processes

Question 36

Describe the differences in the facet orientation at each spinal level?

Answer 36

Cervical – 45 degrees
o Thoracic = More vertical and posterior facing
o Lumbar = More sagittal in orientation

Question 37

parts of the spinal vertebrae

Answer 37

• 7 Cervical
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 Lumbar
• 5 Sacral
• 4 coccygeal

Question 38

What is the intervertebral disc made up of

Answer 38

2 components: inner nucleus pulposus and an outer anulus fibrosus, end plates.

Question 39

Role of intervertebral dics

Answer 39

provides rigidity and stability to spine. shock absorption