Week 2 Flashcards
Name the bones of the skull
- Frontal bone
- Nasal bone
- Lacrimal bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Maxillary bone
- Parietal bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Temporal bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Mandible
what are the 3 ossicles bones of the ear
Incus, malleus, stapes.
What are the 7 bones contributing to the orbit of the eye
Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, lacrimal
What are the sutures of the skull
Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid
What is the pterion and its function
Located on the side of the skull where 4 bones meet
H shaped union between frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones
What is the clinical significance of the pterion
Thin bone (3mm) and weakened structure due to many sutures
What are the bones contributing to the floor of the skull
- Frontal none
- Ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Occipital bone
- Parietal bone
- Temporal bone
Which cranial bones contribute to the roof of the skull?
frontal, occipital and parietal bones (parietal bone has sagittal suture running down the middle of it)
Which bones contribute to forming each suture?
Coronal - frontal and parietal bone
Sagittal - parietal bones
Lambdoid - parietal and occipital bone
What structure lies behind the pterion and is vulnerable to injury?
damage to the middle meningeal artery can lead to the dura mater not being supplied which can lead to epidural hematoma
What bone forms the upper and lower jaw?
maxilla - upper
mandible - lower
What are the main muscles of mastication?
masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid
What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Only moblie joint in skull
Junction between temporal bone & mandible and fibrocartilaginous disc sits in between
what is the action of the masseter
Elevation and protrusion of mandible
what is the action of the temporalis
Anterior fibers: Elevation of mandible
Posterior fibers: retraction of mandible
what is the action of the lateral pterygoid
Depression and protrusion of the mandible
what is the nerve responsible for the innervation of the mastication muscles
mandibular nerve
Which artery supplies blood to the brain
Internal carotid artery
Which artery supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum
Vertebral artery
which artery supplies the dura mater
middle meningeal
function of the vertebral column
transmit force
facilitate movement/sit of attachment for ligaments and tendons
protect spinal cord
name the parts of the vertebrae in powerpoint
1 - vertebral body
2 - transverse foramen
3 - transverse process
4 - superior articular process
5 - vertebral foramen
6 - vertebral arch: pedicle and lamina
7 - spinous process
Arrows - bifurcation of spinous processes.
typical cervical vertebrae
vertebral body - small and wider. has uncinate processes.
vertebral foramen - large and triangular
transverse processes - transverse foramen which has the vertebral artery (supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum) pass through from C1 to C6.
spinous processes - short and bifid. C7 is known as the vertebral prominens.
What are uncovertebral joints
Located between uncinate processes.
Facilitate flexion/extension. Limit lateral flexion
Osteophytes on the uncinate process.
what are the atypical cervical vertebrae
C1, C2, C7
why is C2 atypical
C2: Presence of the dens. C1 sits on top.
why is C1 atypical
C1: Posterior tubercle instead of spinous process
why is C7 atypical
C7: a long spinous process (vertebral prominens)
typical thoracic vertebrae
vertebral body - has costal facets for articulation of rib
vertebral foramen - circular and smaller than cervical and lumbar
transverse processes - long and strong.
spinous processes - tip extends to vertebral body below
what are the atypical thoracic vertebrae
T1
T9-T12
why is T1 atypical
T1: Complete costal facet, height of vertebral body and spinous process shape similar to cervical vertebrae.
Why is T9 to T12 atypical
T9-T12: Complete costal facet. Spinous process starting to mimic characteristics of lumbar spine
what are the typical lumbar vertebrae
vertebral body - large and kidney shaped
vertebral foramen - triangular. larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical
transverse processes - Long and slender; accessory process on posterior surface of base of each process.
spinous processes - short and sturdy; thick. Broad and paddle shaped
What are the atypical lumbar vertebrae
L5
why is L5 atypical
L5: Largest body and transverse processes
Describe the differences in the facet orientation at each spinal level?
Cervical – 45 degrees
o Thoracic = More vertical and posterior facing
o Lumbar = More sagittal in orientation
parts of the spinal vertebrae
- 7 Cervical
- 12 Thoracic
- 5 Lumbar
- 5 Sacral
- 4 coccygeal
What is the intervertebral disc made up of
2 components: inner nucleus pulposus and an outer anulus fibrosus, end plates.
Role of intervertebral dics
provides rigidity and stability to spine. shock absorption
