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Human Body Systems 2 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A ganglion (plural: ganglia) is a collection of neuronal cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system

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2
Q

Where are ganglia located?

A

Outside of the CNS (in the PNS)

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3
Q

What ganglia is located in the CNS as an exception

A

The basal ganglia

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue surrounding a nerve?

A

Epineurium
* Contains the major blood vessels
Perineurium
* Contains bundles of axons known as fascicles
* Usually many fascicles per nerve
Endoneurium
* Connective tissue surrounding axon(s)

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5
Q

What are the different types of peripheral nerves and their functions?

A

Sensory nerves
* Each dorsal root of the spinal cord has a dorsal root ganglia
* Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of the sensory neurones and relay information from the body to the CNS about touch, pain and temp.

Autonomic nerves
Autonomic nerves regulate involuntary bodily functions, like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

They are further divided into:
Sympathetic Nerves (activates the “fight or flight” response)
Parasympathetic Nerves (promotes “rest and digest” functions)
Enteric Nerves (controls the digestive tract functions independently).

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6
Q

Name all the cranial nerves

A

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Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)

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7
Q

Function of cranial nerve I

A
  • Olfactory nerve
  • Smell
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8
Q

Function of cranial nerve II

A
  • Optic nerve
  • Vision
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9
Q

Function of cranial nerve III

A
  • Oculomotor nerve
    Eye movement and pupil constriction
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10
Q

Function of cranial nerve IV

A
  • Trochlear nerve
  • 1 eye muscle – Superior oblique
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11
Q

Function of cranial nerve V

A
  • Trigeminal nerve
  • facial sensation
  • Muscles of mastication
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12
Q

Function of cranial nerve VI

A
  • Abducens nerve
  • 1 eye muscle – Lateral rectus
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13
Q

Function of cranial nerve VII

A
  • Facial nerve
  • Facial expression
  • Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
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14
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve
    hearing and balance
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15
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve
    taste to rest of tounge, swallowing
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16
Q

Cranial nerve X

A
  • Vagus nerve
  • Taste to remainder of oral cavity
  • Parasympathetic supply to most internal organs
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17
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A
  • Accessory nerve
    shoulder and neck movement
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18
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A
  • Hypoglossal nerve
  • Muscles of the tongue
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19
Q

Which of the cranial nerves contain sensory, motor or both fibres

A

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20
Q

What are the general role of the subtypes of motor and sensory nerves in the cranial nerves

A

Sensory types can be:

Somatic sensory – sensation from the body.

Special sensory – senses like vision, hearing, balance and taste

Visceral sensory – sensation from the internal organs

Motor types can be:

Somatic motor - Control voluntary muscle movements, like moving the eyes, tongue, and face.

Branchial arch motor – skeletal muscle that arises from the branchial arches

Visceromotor – parasympathetic supply to much of the body

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21
Q

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Parasympathetic nervous system
22
Q

What are the structures that the autonomic motor efferents act on?

A

Autonomics act on smooth and cardiac muscle
Gut muscles
Arterial muscle
Pupil muscles
Heart muscle

23
Q

What are the structures that the somatic motor efferents act on?

A

Somatic primarily acts on skeletal muscle

24
Q

Differences between the motor efferent of the somatic and autonomic nervous system

A

Target Muscles

Somatic: Controls skeletal muscle (voluntary movements).
Autonomic: Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary functions).

Control

Somatic: Voluntary.
Autonomic: Involuntary.

Neural Pathway

Somatic: Single neuron from CNS to muscle.
Autonomic: Two-neuron chain (preganglionic and postganglionic).

Neurotransmitters

Somatic: Acetylcholine
Autonomic: Acetylcholine (parasympathetic) or norepinephrine (sympathetic).

Effect on Target Tissues

Somatic: muscle contraction (always excitatory)
Autonomic: Excitation or inhibition, depending on the receptor type and organ.

25
Q

Which neurotransmitters are used in the SNS and PNS

A

PNS:
pre and post - Acetylcholine.

SNS
Pre ganglionic - Acetylcholine
Post ganglionic - Adrenaline

26
Q

What are the two main plexus of the enteric nervous system and their functions?

A

Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus):
controlling motility.

Submucosal Plexus (Meissner’s Plexus):
regulates blood flow, secretions, and absorption.

27
Q

What are the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

rest and digest
decrease heart rate
constrict pupils
* Increase digestion and repair functions
* Increase bladder contraction
* Increase immune system function
reduces blood pressure

28
Q

What are the actions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight or flight
Increase heart rate
increase blood pressure
* Dilate the pupils
* Slow digestion
* Release sugar into the blood stream
sweating
* Reduces bladder contraction
* Depresses immune system function

29
Q

What sections of the spine do the Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system arise from

A

SNS: Arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, specifically from T1 to L2

PSNS: Arises from the cranial nerves

Cranial Nerves: III (Oculomotor), VII (Facial), IX (Glossopharyngeal), and X (Vagus).

and S2-4 sacral segments

30
Q

What occurs in a crossed cord reflex?

A

a stimulus on one side of the body causes a response on the same side but also the opposite side.

31
Q

the left bicep is activated.

What would happen in the right tricep and bicep.

A

Left Bicep: activated

Right Tricep: slight activation to stabilize the right arm.
Right Bicep: Inhibition (relaxation)

pretty much the right side is inhibited and relaxes

32
Q

Striking the right bicep tendon will cause what to the left bicep

A

inhibit it, relaxes

33
Q

What is an example of a polysynaptic reflex?

A

Pupillary light reflexes. The pupils of the eye will constrict or dilate according to light levels

Withdrawal reflex. touch something hot, back away.

34
Q

What receptors influence postural reflexes?

A
  • Proprioceptors in the muscles and joints
  • Cutaneous receptors in the skin
  • Vestibular receptors in the ear
  • Visual receptors in the retina of the eye
  • Auditory receptors in the ear
35
Q

What is the difference between short and long latency reflexes?

A

Short Latency Reflexes
Occur rapidly (20-45 milliseconds).
Allow for rapid responses to postural changes.
Example: Patellar reflex.

Long Latency Reflexes
Take longer (50-100 milliseconds or more).
Allow for more integrated responses to postural changes.
Example: Withdrawal reflex.

36
Q

What pathways and systems are utilized for short latency and long latency reflexes?

A

Short latency reflexes:
Utilise spinal cord pathways, including monosynaptic muscle stretch and polysynaptic crossed cord reflexes

Long latency reflexes:
Utilise brainstem pathways, the vestibular system, visual system and proprioceptive system

37
Q

Free nerve endings may respond to what type of stimuli?

A
  • Pressure
  • Chemicals
  • Temperature
38
Q

What is the difference between exteroceptors and interceptors and examples?

A

Exteroceptors transduce information from the external environment
* Light for vision
* Pressure for touch

Interoceptors transduce information from the internal environment
* Stretch receptors from the gut
* Blood pressure receptors in the aorta

38
Q

What are the 6 eye muscles attaching to the sclera

A

Medial, lateral, superior, inferior rectus
Superior and inferior oblique

38
Q

What are free nerve endings commonly associated with?

A

Pain sensation (nociception)

39
Q

What are the primary actions of each of the eye muscles

A

Lateral rectus
Abduction

Medial rectus
Adduction

Superior rectus
Elevation

Inferior rectus
Depression

Superior oblique
Intorsion

Inferior oblique
Extorsion

40
Q

What are the function differences between rods and cones?

A

Rods:
Responsible for vision in low light (scotopic vision)
Highly sensitive to light.
Do not detect colour
Detect motion

Cones:
Detect colour (red, green, blue)
Clarity of vision

41
Q

Where are cones and rods more densely located, and what do they do?

A

Cones: More cones in the macula, fewer in the peripheral retina
* Better at clarity of vision and colour
* Not so good detecting motion and low light vision

Rods: Fewer rods on the macula, more rods in the peripheral retina
* Better at detecting motion and low light vision
* Not so good at clarity of vision and colour

42
Q

What are the names of the ossicles of the middle ear

A
  • Malleus, incus and stapes
43
Q

What are the names of the muscles in the inner ear and their functions

A
  • Cochlear
  • vibration into electrical impulses
  • Vestibular apparatus
  • Turning head movements into electrical impulses

Semicircular canals
* Detect rotational movement of the head in different planes

44
Q

What movements are detected by each of the semicircular canals

A
  • Anterior – detects forward rotations of the head
  • Posterior – detects backward movements of the head
  • Horizontal – detects side to side rotations
45
Q

What movements are detected by the Utricle and Saccule

A
  • Utricle:
  • Detects anterior-posterior and lateral linear movements
  • Saccule:
  • Detects anterior-posterior and vertical linear movements
46
Q

What is the process of sound travelling through the ear?

A

Sound Waves Enter through the ear canal.
Vibration of the tympanic membrane.
Ossicle Movement of Malleus, incus, and stapes amplify sound.
Stapes pushes on the oval window.
Fluid waves stimulate hair cells in the cochlea.
Auditory Nerve Carries electrical signals to the brain.
Brain interprets signals as sound.

47
Q

Know the cranial nerves contributing to taste

A
  • Facial nerve (VII)
  • supplies taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue
  • Glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • supplies taste to the rest of the tongue
  • Vagus (X)
  • Supplies taste to the rest of the oral cavity
48
Q

What are the three types of hearing loss?

A

Conductive Hearing Loss: Sound waves blocked; causes: earwax, fluid, eardrum/ossicle damage.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve damage; causes: aging, noise, genetics, diseases.

Mixed Hearing Loss: Combination of both types.

49
Q

What are the 5 basic types of taste

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (savoury)

50
Q

How is each taste detected by the tongue?

A
  • Sweet sensitive taste buds detect the presence of glucose or other sweet substances like fructose or aspartame
  • Salt taste buds detect the presence of sodium ions
  • Sour taste buds detect the presence of hydrogen ions, i.e. acidity
  • Bitter detect a number of different bitter tasting molecules
  • Umami (Savory) taste buds detect L-glutamate, often found in meat

Human Body Systems 2 (7 decks)

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